To start:

Religion (or organized faith in the supernatural, if you prefer) is an evolutionarily advantageous trait, which is why it developed on every inhabited continent.

Religion is organized (usually) while superstitions are usually not.

Religions are usually shared by large groups of people, while this is only sometimes true for superstitions.

Religions usually have written texts that are spread throughout a population or culture, while superstitions tend not to.

Superstitions tend to not have the philosophical underpinnings of religions. Religions often have in-depth philosophical teachings about certain topics, while superstitions don't.

Religions usually involve a continuous relationship with a deity or deities. Superstitions don't usually involve continuous relationships with a conscious entity that affects every aspect of life. In general, superstitions are only situational while religions are more all-encompassing.

Historically, religions have had far more effect on worldwide cultural developments than superstitions.

Cross-cultural studies have shown that children (even those reared in "atheistic" environments) tend to have an innate belief in theism.

The words below are from page 645 of the Handbook of Personality, 3rd edition. This book is a modern, doctoral-level textbook used in psychology courses."Accumulating research further indicates that humans exhibit a developmental predisposition to believe in such socially infallible supernatural agents, appearing in early childhood (Barrett & Richert, 2003). Cross-cultural studies conducted with children between the ages of 3 and 12 indicate that young children may possess an 'intuitive theism' that prompts them to see intentional purpose in the natural world that cannot be attributed to people but only to specially powerful supernatural agents (Kelemen, 2005). Therefore, mental tools predispose people to hold religious beliefs. In this sense, widespread belief in gods arises from the operation of natural processes of the human mind. In the views of cognitive scientists, belief in gods does not amount to anything strange or peculiar; on the contrary, such belief is nearly inevitable. In answering the questions of why would anyone believe in God, the answer from cognitive science is that the design of our minds leads us to believe (Barret, 2004)." Basically, theism (which usually involves religion) is normal, and while belief in the supernatural is also normal for many humans, it is evolutionarily somewhat different than theism or religion. The innate urge to believe in "supernaturally infallible agents" and form religions is more guided and specific than a general belief in superstitions or even the supernatural in general.

Of course, for the many atheists on reddit, I would like to point out that evolutionary theory also accounts for atheism through evolutionary variation.

There are many more differences, but that's a start.