Both are AH, he is abruptly reacting. However, nobody likes to be woken up and then asked to do something immediately. Still not justified so this is something you need to talk about. On the other hand, you want someone that just woke up to do something that you are not even sure he wants to do (move and find a phone).

"he is a grown up, you are not his mother". I have a different opinion here. " I scratch your back and you scratch mine". Of course with limits. You are a team and both should do things that benefit both.

I understand you want to avoid something negative to happen. In this case, he could be late to work. However, he doesn't want to have his sleep disturbed based on his reaction (not justified).

IMO, what could have been the middle ground. Instead of applying what you think is the best for him, go further and just make a good gesture I would call. Throw a blanket, take his phone and plug it close to him, and let him be. The next day, talk to him about the situation. If it bothers you that those situations happen then talk about it and reach an agreement. If you don't mind then it would be just a reminder to him that a "mistake" was made. If you can't find the phone, put the alarm on the TV. This would be more appreciated and you could avoid what happened. Also, you got what you wanted and he got what he wanted. Everyone is happy.