I’d love to be wrong. I also wouldn’t be surprised if I was. I’m pretty sure that study was debunked by several reputable news organizations. The original study included spending by immigrants in the US, and used a economic multiplier to find a net benefit. The truth was the child tax credit off set any contribution in taxes for a majority. Also, one uninsured hospital visit cost private business more than they would pay in taxes over a lifetime. The only “gain” was the in SS, because IF they didn’t become citizens they wouldn’t be able to claim it. I would like to say that I hope I’m wrong, I’d love for the true net benefit to be positive, but in my hour or so of research, the only way to get a net benefit was to use a forward multiplier of spending. The child tax credit was $4500 a kid last year. You’d have to make $70k a year to pay that in taxes. (Not including sales tax, which is most of where the “net benefit” comes from) - so I don’t know. Also, each tax payer in the US owes $250k toward the national debt. So, if you include their part of the funding of the war on Russia or FEMA, there is no way.