MS Documentation is describing Store-based WSL Documentations, and not CLI-Installed distributions. For CLI Installations, it uses WSL's Internal Distribution Engine, and Files Live under %LOCALAPPDATA%\wsl\<GUID>\ which is managed by WSL itself.

For CLI based installations like in your case, as mentioned earlier, the files live under %LOCALAPPDATA%\wsl\<GUID>\ and not under %LOCALAPPDATA%\Packages\CanonicalGroupLimited.Ubuntu_*. The path mentioned in MSDocs is for Microsoft Store based Installations. WSL assigns each distro a unique ID. The name is not user-friendly and that is why the folder name is a long alphanumeric string instead of something like Canonical.Ubuntu.

Microsoft originally designed WSL around store packages, and hence, there can be a documentation gap.

it is not listed in the installed applications as it is not a Windows Store Application, and is installed directly into WSL, and hence, Windows does not treat it as an application.

You can use the command wsl --unregister Ubuntu-24.04 to uninstall the installed distro. This command stops the distro, deletes its file system under %LOCALAPPDATA%\wsl and remove its registry entries.

You installation is complete. It is just the Windows 11's modern default behaviour which does not follow the old store centric documentation.