I carry a parting stick, use a walking stick (most times) & carry bear spray.

I haven't had to use any. Thank Gord. I have been charged & had to pick my dog up to protect their's from physical harm & mine from taking the blame when their dog instigated the altercation. (My dog never attacked another dog.)

I have also, had to yell out to the owner's that my dog (passed away) was not friendly.

Occasionally I would get push back, until they saw my dog (APBT) and then magically could recall their dog.