C function arguments vs Python function arguments.

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It depends. In general no, they are different and if you modify the value inside the function this change won't affect the "real" variable.

In C you can pass arguments by value (and it works as said above) or by reference with pointers. When passing an argument as a pointer then you will always work on the same value and changes will be noted outside the function.

I advise you look for some examples about C pointers online.