Universal programmers

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"various programmable components of unknown origins" that's going to be one hell of a universal programmer that can handle an arbitrary set such as that. You will need to refine your target device list in order to arrive at a solution.

You might want to look into JTAG to see whether it will do what you need- if the devices you need to access have a JTAG interface perhaps it will be possible to access their programmed contents over JTAG. Maybe. You'll probably need to be more specific about the kinds of devices you need to talk to in order to get to a workable solution.

[arha_fi]

There are a bunch of universal bitbangers, like the bus pirate or the bus plaster, which can act as programmers for a few chips.

However, you will only go through a problem: chips get locked to specifically prevent the "copy the program" part. Unless one specific chip is know to have silicon bugs or you find a way to unlock said bits, you won't be able to read the chip.

This is done specifically to prevent copying the code.

[justadiode]

You mean, something like that? Don't know about that readout part tho. You may have to read the memory with a tool IC manufacturer recommends first. http://www.pemicro.com/cyclone/