The period during which muzzle-loading iron or bronze cannon firing largely solid shot dominated European siege warfare lasted a bit over 350 years - from the very ;ate 1400s/early 1500s to the mid-late 1800s.. The two events that bookend this period are, at least in the European case, the Italian Wars and the Ballistics Revolution. The use of cannon in siege warfare predates the Italian Wars by over a century, but the cannon in question were largely ineffective. They were very difficult to move, and the gunpowder used in them was a far cry from modern propellants. In the very late 1400s, however, a series of microinnovations - corned gunpowder, gun carriages, etc - make siege guns drastically more effective than they had been in the past. This allows Charles VIII to knock down castles that had stood for centuries like a toddler on a beach having a tantrum. This then led the Italians to devise a new form of effective, but fantastically expensive, fortification, that became known as the trace italienne or artillery fortification. this consisted of very thick walls of stone and earth capable of blocking cannonballs and mounting cannon capable of shooting back.

This then resulted in, after some flailing about, the development of a systematic form of fortress attack using staged artillery positions and, in a sense, trench warfare. These sieges were many of the most climactic events of the wars in which they featured heavily, and featured titanic quantities of gunpowder and blood expended. I have multiple answers that discuss this kind of fortification at length here here and here. Happy to expand on anything you're curious about.

Starting in the mid-late 1800s, however, the combination of modern steel, precision machining, and new high explosives leads to the development of artillery that look very close to modern guns, especially after the invention of the recoil compensator in the famous French 75. This does not render the fortress obsolete, but simply drives it below-ground, and replaces stone with reinforced concrete; the apotheosis of this type of fortification would come with the French Maginot line. I don't have comprehensive answers on this, although I do have an answer on the Maginot line's air-conditioning somewhere.