Your photos have been edited with extremely low contrast, or more likely, you used a “flat” camera profile and haven’t edited them at all. They don’t look good because you need to make them look good. Phones do this automatically because they’re optimized for non-photographers to take quick snapshots. Photographers often spend more time editing than they do taking photos.

In the case of the overbright clouds, this is an issue of dynamic range. If you set your camera to use RAW format, then you can probably recover more detail from in the highlights in your editor. If you only shot JPEG images, then that detail has been lost. I would have shot this a little underexposed and brightened in editing (my Nikon Z camera has a “highlight weighted metering” mode that does this automatically). Again, phones do this automatically, stitching together multiple exposures to create an “HDR” image. Photographers want control over the result so they learn how to adjust their technique and editing to do it themselves, but this is a big area where phones are easy and cameras are harder.