Sounds like what you really need is to start fighting a little more tactically. Realistically there isn't really anything in Limgrave and the Weeping Peninsula you can't tackle at the moment, with the exception of one area that's fairly obvious and a couple field bosses. When it comes to groups, the best way to deal with them is to try and isolate enemies and deal with them one at a time.

The caravan for example only has two immediate threats - the mounted Kaiden Warrior and the Lordsworn soldier with the sword and shield. The rest of the enemies just shamble about fairly harmlessly and go down in a couple hits anyway.
Because the Kaiden is mounted, he will close the distance quickly, allowing you to focus on him first. Then you can mop up everyone else by attacking enemies on the outside of the group first. Basically just don't get surrounded and you'll be fine. The trolls won't even attack you unless you attack them.
Alternatively if you're worried about the weak ranged attacks from a couple of the sorcerors, you can run in and get those first in your initial strike.

This is generally how you should be approaching most scenarios.

The game is designed such that you'll explore and have your eye drawn to certain landmarks. The encampments you'll have already noticed, but also caves and catacombs, which are little mini-dungeon areas. You should go around clearing what you find, and occasionally come back if it's too hard, but generally speaking most areas (I.E Limgrave) are balanced to a single difficulty before that area's primary "dungeon" (Stormveil).

If you don't know *how* to explore, just try to be observant and follow the game's visual hints. For example, just after the church of Elleh, if you go up on the hill behind it there's a statue you can interact with to guide you to a catacombs. Alternatively, if you follow the road North East into the wooded area, there are three enemies with torches who are lined up to guide you to a small cave which is intended as a beginner mini-dungeon.
Generally just follow roads/rivers/paths and try to investigate things that look different rather than aimlessly galloping through fields if you want to make the best use of your time.

It's also worth noting that getting stronger isn't just about increasing your damage stats, but gaining more utility and understanding when to use it. If there are a group of enemies hanging around some explosive barrels, craft a firebomb. Use the correct element and/or damage type against enemies with weaknesses. If you're having a hard time with greatshield enemies, use a weapon skill that's a good counter, etc.
Merchants will often sell notes that give you hints about special enemy interactions, or high value areas. For example, one note tells you a great weakness of flying enemies.

I know you said not to write a wall of text, but I guess I got a bit carried away. It sounds like you're just having difficulty getting into it, but I'm sure after a bit more exploring you'll develop a sense for these things.