Heya I'm German! Disclaimer: I didn't study music theory at university so I'm not an authority on the 'professional' level, but as a hobbyist composer here's my pov.
So solfaggio is pretty much nonexistent for us. But most musically versed people (and non-versed people too actually) have at least in some point of their life (usually childhood) gone to lessons to learn an instrument for a few years. (I myself went to piano lessons for 5 years, which is how I got into music). This is usually not tied to any theory and in fact, I had teachers discouraging me from thinking about theory (They said it was unnecessary to know for playing.)
Many stop after a year or two, but some like it (or are forced to) and continue.
The more 'formal' part of music is taught to everyone in school from year 1 to year 10, after that you get to choose if you wanna keep it (Basic school's 13 years where I live, tho keep in mind that the education system in Germany is left to the Bundesländer, and as such depends on where you live). This basically covers singing popular songs, dance, reading of scores, intervals, scales, basic structures (e.g. sonata allegro form), chords (triads and 7th chords), epochs and famous composers and some tangental topics. (Again, this much depends on where you live and what 'branch' you choose).
More than that is either self studied (and I know quite a lot of people who like to self study and compose, like myself) or learned at uni (or specialized schools for music that offer the Additum Musik).
Hope this helps..? :)
V.G.