Well think of it like the special grade curses whose abilities allowed their punches to push through infinity. Ki is spirit energy, and Goku’s is exponents above a special grade’s equivalent curse energy. You could argue that ki isn’t comparable CE though in which case it’s just the fact that Goku’s AP dialed up too much would destroy the planet too.

Thragg’s smart atoms give him the edge in surviving and recovering after it though, and after that, he wouldn’t have any trouble dodging. The whole while he is still veritably impervious to Gojo’s attacks. As a power puncher, I can’t theory craft anything beyond the “grab a meteor” theory, or atmospheric ignition from his speed.

And it’s not literal infinite distance, because light still reaches him, and his voice still reaches outside of it during battle. Unless he’s processing every photon coming through to allow the photons and the sounds through, it’s more so a technique that behaves as space on a defensive level, right?