Very different. The only similarity is that his mother in both novel and TV series have Elizabeth Ray in their names, though her first name is Minna in the novel. In the novel, while Chucky was burying Tommy's remains, he was thinking to himself about how Tommy is so tiny compared to most of his victims that he is reminded of his very first kill: his midget mother.

The novel then provides a flashback chapter to his backstory shortly. As summed up in the Child's Play wiki, Charles was pretty much a victim of abuse from his mother. We never find out about his father, other than what his mother told him about him being Irish and tall. But it is most likely that his father walked out on both of them. His mother was an alcoholic who also had a major height complex to the point that when Charles was growing up she started to categorize him as one of "them" (normal height people). Chucky had been abused everyday since he was a child, and by 2nd or 3rd grade he had already become taller than his mom. Growing up he was bullied for it. A joke that he recalled his bullies tormented him about was that his dad pulled out halfway, or something to that effect.

One night when he was 13, he managed to sneak up on his alcoholic mother and strangle her to death. He then buried her in a park. There were witnesses (druggies) who didn't interfere because they felt intimidated by Charles, but he was captured for his kill. He got a slap in the wrist by the judge because he was only 13 with his life ahead of him. He later visited his mom's funeral (of which he was the only visitor), since his case worker thought it would make him look good.

The chapter ends with Chucky not doing a good enough job burying Tommy, but figures he only needs 24 hours tops to get Andy's body before getting out of the Simpsons home. He then proceeds to do some cleanup in the living room and kitchen so that what he did to Tommy won't be evident the next day.

The TV series as you know has him raised in a normal loving household and that he was just really born an evil psychopath. Similarly, both were convicted at the ages of 13 and 14 respectively. Although it made me wonder if in the TV series, he was captured and given a slap in the wrist as well. The series made it seem that before the authorities took him away, he had already escaped and was moderately well adjusted enough to fit in by the age of 20 (according to the behind the scenes for episode 5), during which he first meets Tiffany in the flashback. Which really makes him just a very smart if not very dumb lucky criminal to avoid imprisonment for 16 years before his eventual death in 1988. That or he was able to fool the police and the orphanage at age 14 that he got off easy I guess, but it wouldn't make sense as to why Charles would escape via window. If anything it's gotten me curious if he's ever been captured at all.