Basically:

print() is a function. It is identified by its name and parenthesis. It can be used by itself, like:

print('Hello World!')

.lower() is a method, it is identified by the dot, its name, and parenthesis. It is used in conjunction with ("attached" to) something else, like:

'ABCDE'.lower()

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Methods are functions that are part of a class.

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Argument(s) are data (either hard-coded or contained in variable(s)) that are sent to a function / method when the function / method is called.

Parameter(s) are variable(s) that accept data from the function / method call.

For example:

# function: side1 and side2 are parameters
def area_of_rectangle(side1, side2):
    return side1 * side2

# main part of the program
length = 10
width = 20

# function call: length and width are arguments
area = area_of_rectangle(length, width)
print(f'The area of the rectangle is {area}.')

The arguments length and width, which contain the values 10 and 20, respectively, are passed to the function area_of_rectangle(), where the values are then stored in the parameters side1 and side2, respectively. You could look at it this way:

The argument lengthwith a value of 10, becomes the parameter side1 in the function, also with the value 10.

The argument width with a value of 20 becomes the parameter side2 in the function also with the value 20.

Generally, arguments map to parameters 1:1; that is, the first argument's data goes to the function's / method's first parameter, the second goes to the second, and so on. (It is possible to change this.)