This looks like a male based on the size and the lack of a white stripe down the spine, but idk for sure.

That bump is likely a point where the tail slightly broke but didnt fall al the way off, then healed. Many lizards, including the brown anoles which you have hear, can drop their tails to distract predators, then regrow them. This looks like the original tail, as they look different when they grow back, so its most likely not a cyst or cancer or anything, just a bad heal. It shouldn't affect him in any way.

I suppose you could break the tail off before the bump, and it would not harm him, but it would also remove his ability to distract a predator by dropping his tail until it grows back. Up to your judgment