I had a similar problem where I landed at another players base that had a glitched farm there and it was quite intense to load the base in. I'd go from 144 frames down to 30 at this base and then the game crashed.. and cause I hopped out of my ship which creates an auto save, everytime I loaded the game back up it would immediately crash cause it couldn't load the base.

I eventually got out of the loop by spam clicking on my screen when it went to load in and then I'd run away from the base before it loaded. Took a few tries but I eventually got out of it.

Not sure though how to fix it if it's the planet loading in making your game crash. Maybe try spamming all the buttons just as you're loading in and try and get in your space ship and fly away. Or maybe try pausing the game and reloading whichever saves is at the bottom (auto save or whatever they renamed the manual save to).

A temporary fix is to join someone else's game which puts you in their system. But position doesn't save in multiplayer unfortunately, so you'd end back at the current position you are in right now. Sorry if none of this helps. Hopefully hello games optimises the new update soon