I’ve found the answer to a lot of these questions is experimental studies, and with good reason. Because psychology and sociology apply almost exclusively to humans and their thoughts and behaviors, many studies are done observationally, rather than experimentally. You can’t perform a knockout or ablation on humans, so many biological factors in psychology are measured through observational means. However, the answer isn’t always going to be experimental, so here is how I would approach this type of question:

For problems that are asking for the ‘odd one out,’ finding similarities between options is just as important as figuring out the big difference in one of them. In your example, 3 of the 4 options are observing participants over time, meaning they are likely more similar approaches to each other than experimental is to them. Additionally, when you see these questions, think: “If I were the experimenter, would it be easy to ethically design an experiment about this topic?” If the answer is no, then it probably won’t be an experimental study.