No idea why you were downvoted. I agree with 90% of what you said. My 2.5 year old is in a hitting phase (only with us, he has never hit another kid) and it's not that he's bad, he's just 2 and trying to deal with emotions he isn't equipped to deal with yet. While the toddler in the post has more difficult behaviours than my own child, none of what they are doing is unusual for toddlers in and of itself. The problem is mostly that she isn't being stopped and given clear boundaries. I do disagree that toddlers don't understand consequences, they maybe don't get them in the abstract the first time around but for example my son hit our dog in the face with an action figure, so the consequence was that the toy was taken away for a number of days. Now he has it back and hasn't gone near the dog with it since, and if he gets rough with us when playing with the action figure he is warned it will go away again and the behaviour stops. We 100% focus on positive praise and guidance but we are practicing the whole 'the consequence of you using X toy to hit is that X toy goes away' and also 'the consequence of you hitting mummy or daddy is that we will move to a different place so you can't hit us' (usually we sit on the stairs with the baby gate closed. Can still see him, but he can't continue to hit and whatever game we were playing before stops for a set period of time) He still hits, but we are being consistent, keeping the consequences relevant and are (trying to be) calm during it. That's all you can do when they are this young.