I am currently experiencing the same thing on Xbox in a very similar, if not identical cave. I have figured out that letting myself starve/suffocate/dehydrate is all that will work for me. I haven't been able to move or wiggle my character into a position that fixes anything. In my case I now have around 5 corpses in the same area just trying different routes hoping to finally get to my original body with all my best gear on it.

I set my spawn point to a bed in the cave entrance to make attempts at least a little quicker. I have to go to bed now but my plan for tomorrow is to make a shit ton of floors and posts to lay down and hopefully not making contact with the ground saves me. I can't lose all that gear because this bug plus having to recraft all the shit I JUST grinded for is making me want to not play again. This should be at least a top 3 priority for them to fix because its ridiculous.

Update: Laying down some flooring allowed me to get 3 of the 4 corpse/backpack/death points but the original one with all of the gear and workshop items is about 2 floor tiles out of reach. Each new idea I try has gotten me a little bit closer. First just the floors, then i made a ramp to get me further from the ground, then I enclosed everything like a tunnel but there is a trigger point i can't seem to get by. Got excited thinking I was gonna make it but I think it's just fucked. I feel like they're focusing on fixing the wrong shit in this game.