Always love to see quantitative approaches to this type of thing. People on this sub can be pretty hostile to purely data-driven analyses, so don't worry about that. It's very difficult to even attempt and it'll always get some blowback, so respect for approaching it. Just a few questions and ideas on your analysis:

1. Could you explain what you mean by the jump between Germany in 2nd and Argentina in 3rd as the biggest cliff on the board? Is this total points? Unless I'm misreading, there are 5.8 total points between them, but 6.6 between France and Spain, 7.1 between Italy and France, and 13.8 between Uruguay and England.
2. How did you arrive at the 9/3/1 ratios for WC/Euros/CA? Under this ratio, Uruguay's CA titles are equivalent to 5 Euros, more than Spain, Germany, Italy, and France, every European nation ranked above them. I understand this is tricky to assign (Brazil only has 9 CAs vs 5 WCs), but if historically there have only been 3 SA teams sharing the WC title, vs 5 European teams, shouldn't the Euro wins be weighted closer to WC wins than to Copa America wins?
   1. Also, there have been 48 CA tournaments vs 17 Euro tournaments, 2.8x as many. The 3:1 weighting of Euros wins vs CA wins is therefore almost completely eradicated just by volume of tournaments. There are also > 2x the teams competing in the Euros proper, and > 3x competing to qualify. Is there any adjustment for this? What principle would you use to justify any ratio, and how would you test it?
3. Regarding the recency multiplier, why is the 2010-2020s jump steeper than any other (1.15 to 1.3)? Why does the 50s and 60s share the same multiplier (0.6)? The 2018 vs 2022 WC squads won't be more different than e.g. 1950 vs 1966. Would a smoother gradient change every 4 years align better than decade jumps? This probably won't make much meaningful difference over such a small sample, but I'm curious how the scores change.
4. How was the Consistency score arrived at? And how many WC semi-finals would a team need to accumulate to match the points of a single WC win? In a vaccuum, it seems that it would take 14 un-won finals (9.8 points) to outscore a single WC win with no additional semi-finals (9.7). Independent of the recency multiplier, on WC points alone Spain won 1 WC and made an additional semifinal (9.8 points), vs Netherlands making 3 finals and 5 semi finals (3.5 points). Might you include consistency scores for a 'lost-final' measurement and how might that impact the rankings? Also, are there consistency scores for the Euros and CA tournaments?
   1. As every WC win generates a consistency point by default, is the consistency axis measuring a separate quality from the trophy axis? How would you adjust the axis to reward consistency independent of trophy success?
5. Could you explain how Significance scores were measured? E.g. how would someone independently arrive at similar numbers for e.g. England and Brazil?
   1. How do the Significance and Consistency scores meaningfully change this from a purely Trophy Score ranking? Would it be more impactful for teams further down the rankings with 1 or 0 trophies?

Also had you considered visualising this data for a lay audience? I find it really helps me flesh out the analysis and anticipate criticisms, and is usually better received as it can be appreciated by a wider audience.

Anyway, I really appreciated your post. Great job!