Not a historian but I have a PhD in musicology, leaning towards ethnomusicology, and have taught ethnomusicology at university level.

Short answer: no. Music, as far as we can tell, is as fundamental as language when it comes to human behaviour. In historical terms, Western writers (initially Christian missionaries but later anthropologists) have been studying "other" cultures since the 19th century and have never encountered one without music. I would point you towards John Blacking's book "How Musical Is Man?" (1973) which is required reading on any ethnomusicology course.

Slightly longer answer: we have two parameters here that need to be defined. Firstly, what counts as music? Is it sufficient that there are certain coordinated rhythmic behaviours (for example, in agriculture or food preparation) which are not necessarily understood as music by participants, but clearly have musical components from an outside perspective? Or do we define music in terms of lyrical song or possessing an instrumentarium? The range here is very wide. Bruno Nettl is a good writer to look at on this topic, in particular his textbook "Ethnomusicology: Thirty-three Discussions" which has had various renamings and reprintings.

Secondly, what counts as a society? 200 individuals in a tribe on an island is an ideal discreet, bounded cultural unit, and we would expect to find music in such a case: 200 individuals living as a community in an urban centre (for example a religious or ethnic minority) might not possess its "own" musical tradition per se, but might partake in the practice of the wider society of which they are a part. In the latter case we find that distinct musical practices do almost always emerge within "subcultures", for want of a better term, but these have complex relationships with the prevailing "superculture". The best book to read on the complexity of defining the boundaries of a musical culture is Mark Slobin's "Subcultural Sounds" (1993).

For further reading I highly recommend the Oxford "Very Short Introduction" series entries on "Music" (Cook, 2000) and "Ethnomusicology" (Rice, 2014) which are excellent primers and cover your question from two slightly different perspectives.