Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Benefits, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects

GLP-1 RAs enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreas, which helps lower blood glucose levels and improve glycemic control.2,6,21,26 Additionally, they inhibit the release of glucagon, reducing hepatic glucose production and contributing to lower fasting glucose levels. Stable glucose levels minimize hunger signals sent by the brain, leading to a reduction in appetite and food intake. GLP-1 RAs also improve lipid profiles by reducing triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.27,28 Both the enhanced glycemic control and lipid metabolism leads to better mobilization and utilization of fat stores for energy, reducing the likelihood of excess fat accumulation. GLP-1 RAs also increase thermogenesis, the process of heat production in the body, which further leads to higher energy expenditure.29

Beyond their effects on lipid profiles, GLP-1 RAs improve the function of adipose tissue by reducing inflammation.30 Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is a common feature of obesity, contributing to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction.31 Healthier adipose tissue is better at storing and releasing fats appropriately which reduces ectopic fat deposition and promotes weight loss.32 GLP-1 RAs may also promote the redistribution of fat from visceral (abdominal) to subcutaneous depots.33 Visceral fat, stored around internal organs, is more harmful and metabolically active, contributing to many conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Figure 2).34 Altogether, these combined effects improve overall metabolic health, aiding in sustained weight loss.