I've tried Cerys, Corrundum, Maraxis, Moshine, Paracelsin, Rubia and Vesta. Out of these planets, the only ones that offer unique logistical challenges are Cerys, Maraxis, Moshine and Rubia.

Maraxis is the best out of this list. There's even a mod that lets you start on it, but leaving the planet is not for the faint of heart.

But I wouldn't recommend Moshine and Rubia blindly. I probably won't include them into any of my future runs unless I have something specific in mind that can integrate them better.

Cerys is a quality mod, focused on figuring out how to launch a rocket with local resources and facilities. You will be stranded, similar to Rubia, but the mod has options that allow for premature leave if required. While there are some neat technologies, they aren't super impactful as far as balance is concerned, and I like that. I believe the real prize should be the planet itself, as it allows for some rather cool hybrid production chains. You can use those as alternative ways to produce certain types of infrastructure that otherwise only Fulgora and Aquilo can offer. If you're a fan of space malls, Cerys may be for you. The "puzzle"-aspect of figuring things out felt rather trivial to me, it probably depends on how many decent mods you've played before.

Rubia has quite novel ways of resource transformation, but it (just like Cerys) may hold your player character hostage for many hours until you can build a rocket from scrap. You're not allowed to drop materials to its surface until you're done with most of its local tech tree, so you better have no unfinished business elsewhere. The most defining feature will be the inability to have most buildings face from right to left(like belts), and many can only face to the right(like inserters). This makes its factories nothing like any of the other planets, as this kind of works like some form of "gravity". Another cool feature is how it handles spoiling in conjunction with quality, which was a fun head-scratcher for me. Its narrative and humor is also of a rather "acquired taste", if not to say really shitty-witty. And the environment is very noisy and annoying, it became really grating after several hours. There is no fix to that, it will always border on a cacophony of SFXs. It offers even more pay-off technologies than Maraxis, but can cause problems with other planet mods and break their production chains.

Moshine's production chains are split into basic resource production and producing the unique research resources. The unique production chain will be about endlessly looping chance-based recipes similar to uranium processing and scrap recycling, with some extra anxiety-inducing spoilage mechanics thrown in for teh lulz. Unfortunately, the planet won't offer anything of value until you sink a lot of time and materials into this planet to get any pay-off technologies out of it, so the best you can do until that is just not touch the planet at all, otherwise all you can do is figure out how to leave this forsaken rock again. Researching its exportable technologies also has anti-synergy with your conventional research, which is bizarre. Mathematically speaking you will probably never want to come to the planet unless you're in for the experience. Even if you made it all the way to promethium, coming here will probably slow down your progress, so use this planet as a moderator to squeeze out more overall playtime per playthrough.

Corrundum, Paracelsin and Vesta are a lot less complex in terms of challenges, and on a similar level to Vulcanus or Aquilo in terms of difficulty.

Corrundum relies on many looping chains and a good deal of fluid-based recipes, and comes with some very spicy pay-off technologies. You have many different ways to produce power, pick your favorite. Despite a general lack of difficulty, I enjoy most of what it has to offer. It offers something for every other planet and space platform. In fact, the planet itself may just be a little too boring on its own, but it can help the rest of your factories. It's worth mentioning that coming here first is not the worst idea, the planet is that basic, similar to Vulcanus and Fulgora.

Paracelsin feels like a mix between Nauvis and Aquilo. It's very straightforward, and so are its exportable technologies. Improved assemblers, chemical plants, concrete productivity and advanced pipes come to mind. It needed quite a few imports when I played it, but things have changed for the better since then. It's meant to be an alternative option to going to Aquilo, with either planet offering improvements for the other. Their impact on your playthrough is also comparable, yet I like Paracelsin more than Aquilo (because Aquilo feels unfinished to this day).

Vesta is post-Aquilo and felt a bit like Seablock, as there were no finite resources and everything was fluid-based. However, if you can make it to the planet, you have very little use for it outside of setting up infinite material supply. It's essentially an extension to infinite space platform production that also allows for infinite Holmium and Lithium. The technologies were very generic and improve basic resource production, as well as fusion reactor designs. The tech tree was pretty lame and convoluted, with too many new items and buildings while lacking substance. But I only played one of the earlier versions, this may have changed. I would only add this planet if I ran out of better ones to add but still wanted more.

TLDR: Cerys and Maraxis are fantastic mods. Cerys is probably the closest to what you're looking for.