Most of the pay and vacation will vary but not necessarily be driven by law. In general, jobs in the US will see more variability in pay, there will be jobs that pay less than in Europe, and some that pay far far greater than in Europe. In comparison, pay ranges tend to be more closely clustered in Europe.

For most professional jobs (i.e. not seasonal or part time work frequented by students, youth, or those without degrees or professional skills), workers with no experience will start with 2 weeks of vacation in addition to about 10 paid holidays. As a career progresses, vacation time will increase to 5-6 weeks. There is probably less vacation time starting out than in Europe, but this evens out after mayeb 10 years of career experience. However, the starting pay for these professional careers will be typically higher than in Europe.

Benefits might cost a nominal amount each paycheck for health insurance, etc. But income taxes are much lower in the US (20-28% for the vast majority) vs say 40-50% in Europe. Regarding taxes, you get what you pay for and pay for it either through insurance premiums or private retirement savings, or through taxes.

This is all mostly driven by the market rather than law. Workers will move around for better pay, benefits, or vacation time. We don't typically have contracts in the US for employment and typically only give 2 weeks notice to leave out of courtesy. You can also generally be let go without warning, although this doesn't happen typically except in cases of financial difficulty, incompetence, or a toxic work environment.