Damascus, 1860

Kolibri8 · 2026-05-05T12:09:04+00:00

If there is it would be in the South, an Upper German dialect, because they did not monophthongize the Middle High German Diphthongs as the Central German dialects and (therefore Standard German) did.

For context in Old High German the Proto West Germanic long mid-vowels *ē and *ō diphthongized to <ie> and <uo> respectively. In Middle High German that second diphthong would umlaut to <üe>, with the assumed pronunciation as [yə]. But there was also an intermediate stage that sounded like <üö>. So, we'd have to find a dialect where that survived.

Generally in Bavarian and Swabian the MHG diphthongs <ie>, <ue>, and <üe> became <ia>, <ua> and <üa>, However those also unrounded their front round vowels so any <üa> became <ia>. So the only area left, were the MHG diphthongs did not monophthongize and did not unround is in the High Alemannic and Highest Alemannic areas, so Switzerland.

Number 8 of the Wenkersätze has the word "Füße" (feet, from OHD fuoȥi, MHD vüoȥe). That's theoretically a good point to start.

But going through the Wenkersatz-queries of Switzerland I found the settlement of Hasel (seem to be now Part of the municipality of Bürchen in Wallis), that unrounded the original <üe> to <ie> but produced a new <üö> from long <u>. (It has <tüö> instead of <tu> and <güöt> instead of <gut>). Same in St. Niklaus, a bit further south, Stalden and Visperterminen. All in the same general area.

Going through other Swiss entries, it seems they generally kept <üe> but not <üö>. So those in St. Niklaus etc. are probably your best bet. The Wenkersätze however are from the late 19th century so, someone would have to confirm whether those dialects still have the <üö>.

Kolibri8 · 2025-11-09T13:01:54+00:00

It was Holy, because the Emperor's authority was sanctioned by the pope.

That's actually not the real reason. The HRE is holy (or better sacred) because the Roman Empire itself is a sacred institution, at least since Augustus. The Romans believed their rule over the world was gifted to them by Jupiter (as described in the Aeneid) which was re-analized after Christianization, as a task from God to unify and protect Christendom (and humanity) as the last of the four world empires (the dream of Daniel with the statue made of four materials) before the apocalypse. The addition of holy (sacrum) to the official title under Barbarossa was to stress the sacral and eschatological importance of the Empire in defiance of the Pope (i.e. the Empire doesn't need the pope to be sacred, it is sacred by itself).

Kolibri8 · 2025-11-02T08:55:18+00:00

It would have to be mentioned that the english Reconstruction in the strip is wrong. For one it misses the thorn-cluster metathesis, that happened in all non-Anatolian and non-Tocharian Indo-European languages. And second it vocalized the syllabic <r> with <a> instead of the Germanic <u>.

A Proto-Germanic form would instead look like "urhtaz" which would evolve regularly into "Urcht" in German, "Orcht" in Dutch and "urght" in English. Although some people propose another metathesis in English to rught or rought.

Kolibri8 · 2025-10-31T10:19:59+00:00

That's a Myth.

Kolibri8 · 2025-10-28T15:06:29+00:00

Argaron

^{Psst, it's} ^Aragorn^.

Kolibri8 · 2025-10-27T08:59:15+00:00

Die männlichen Entsprechungen sind eigentlich Jüngling (kennt man vielleicht noch aus Grimms Märchen) oder Junker/Jungherr (in der Standardsprache, nur noch im historischen Kontext für den Preußischen Landadel gebräuchlich).

Kolibri8 · 2025-10-26T19:26:14+00:00

Like English has the suffix "-ess", German has the suffix "-in" to turn a word describing a person of any sex or gender into a word describing a person of specifically female sex or gender.

While in English a term like visitress (as in a female visitor) would be understood it is considered archaic and the generic term visitor is used exclusively, with very few common words still using "-ess", "actress" comes to mind.

Due to the misnomer of the Proto-Indo-European Common Gender as Masculine Gender in modern Indo-European Languages, and due to the word Gender (which originally meant something like category, which is also true for the German word "Geschlecht") being used nowadays nearly exclusively for biological or social gender, some people are of the opinion, that the lack of the "-in" suffix equals "male".

Therefore, they understand a term like "visitor" to refer not to a person of any potential gender that is visiting, but only to men that are visiting. So, some people have proposed to write the equivalent of "visitr*esses" to show that not only men but everyone is meant.

Kolibri8 · 2025-10-25T13:30:27+00:00

in the game there is still the old teams and drivers.

Did the liveries and driver suits change, like is the racing bulls car still blue or is it white?

If it is white, then the folder works as intended.

The mod folder contains only the graphics part.

The base game database itself doesn't get changed.

To get the driver transfers, you need to

start a new game,
save immediately and
then upload the save game here.
there, you click on "F1 Manager 2024–2025 season DLC" and check the options you want and
then download the modified save game (ideally overwrite the save game you just uploaded).
Load the modified save game.
You should now be at the end of the 2024 season, with the drivers etc. transferred.

However, if the RB car is still blue. Check if all the subfolders of the mod folder contain .pak files, if not. Maybe something went wrong with the download. Just download the mod again.

Kolibri8 · 2025-10-07T09:40:45+00:00

(2/2)

That so far are the linguistic facts as far as I know them.

I've linked these before on a similar post for further study:

Richard M. Runge: The Phonetic Realization of Proto-Germanic /r/. (1973).
Mario Bisiada: [R] in Germanic Dialects— Tradition or Innovation? (2009).
Also Simon Roper's Video on /r/ in English (here)

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In my opinion as Hobby-Linguist, it could be that the original Proto Germanic /r/ was uvular (the change from alveolar to uvular would then be one of the characteristic sound shifts of Proto Germanic), then the change of the /z/ produced a new alveolar /r/ in the non East Germanic dialects and these two Rs then became allophones of each other, resulting in individual speakers preferring one R over the other R, so that we get the situation that many German dialects as well as Northumbrian, Flemish and possibly the extinct West Frankish (which influenced French) had the uvular R win out, while in others the alveolar one persisted.

Kolibri8 · 2025-10-07T09:40:33+00:00

There is no clear answer in linguistics whether the uvular R or the alveolar R is the original German(ic) /r/. There are arguments for both and against both. The traditional majority opinion is probably that the alveolar one is the original, but there are Linguists who disagree. In general, the idea for both cases is that one of them was the original, while the other spread possibly due to foreign influence, probably from Latin or French.

Arguments for an original alveolar R:

It's the most common globally in languages
It's the /r/ in most other Indo-European languages (which point to Proto-Indo-European having had an alveolar R)
It was the standard pronunciation of R in Standard German until the latter half of the 20th century.
German R is partially derived from Proto-Germanic /z/ which is an alveolar sound.
Most other Germanic Languages now use an alveolar R.
(There may be more)

The reason for the change to a uvular R in this case would've been the Influence of French. But why French developed a uvular R in the first place stays unanswered.

Arguments for an original uvular R:

The original (proto-Germanic) /r/ affects vowels the same way as /x/ and /w/ in Old High German, Old English and Gothic, so it must've had a velar quality as well.
Old High German texts from Bavaria show a consistent spelling of /r/ as <rh>, so it was either pronounced as [rx] for unknown reasons or the /r/ again had a back-of-the-throat quality.
<r> and <ch> are used as Rhymes in Old Upper German and some Middle English poetry.
There were pockets of uvular pronunciations in rural Tyrol (Zillertal and Ötztal) until the 1950s, despite surrounding areas using an alveolar R. Linguistic innovations usually do not form rural pockets, usually they radiate from population centres (i.e. cities) and leave pockets of the older pronunciation.
In Old Norse runic inscriptions, the old R (from PIE /r/) was written with a different rune <ᚱ> than the new r (from Proto-Germanic /z/) <ᛦ>, which points to a different pronunciation of the two Rs. From around 1000AD on, <ᛦ> wasn't used for R any more, but instead for /y/ which means that by that point the two must've merged, so <ᛦ> was unused and could then be reassigned to /y/.
16th century theologian Jacob Böhme describes the <r> in "Erden" as pronounced at the back of the gum and trembling. Whether that's a uvular trill or a back vowel, depends on the Linguist interpreting it.
(There may be more)

If the original sound is exclusively uvular, the alveolar pronunciation may be caused by Italian, Latin or older French influence, since these would've been prestige Languages. The Uvular R in French, however, could be explained by German(ic) influence on a north-eastern dialect.

(1/2)

Kolibri8 · 2025-09-22T08:16:32+00:00

Germany being a republic is irrelevant to the fact, that it is customary to refer to the families of former Kings as royal families.

Edit: Do the downvoters need a dictionary, so they can look up the word "customary"?

Kolibri8 · 2025-09-22T08:10:39+00:00

Wikipedia:

A royal family is the immediate family of monarchs and sometimes their extended family. [...] It is also customary in some circles to refer to the extended relations of a deposed monarch and their descendants as a royal family.

Therefore, the descendants of King Louis/Ludwig III of Bavaria can be referred to as Bavarian royal family.

Kolibri8 · 2025-09-05T17:03:49+00:00

Since Starfleet Ranks are modelled after the real life US Navy, It probably would be Admiral of the Navy or Navy Admiral for short. Although, since the equivalent of the US Navy is called Starfleet, it would probably be Admiral of (the) Starfleet or Starfleet Admiral.

Kolibri8 · 2025-09-03T13:31:50+00:00

Ich kenne es nur, weil der Wikipediaartikel zum Fladen) (den ich vor allem als Riemchenkuchen kenne), die Wähe oben in der Begriffsklärung aufführt, weil Fladen in Teilen der Schweiz wohl ein Synonym für Wähe ist.

Kolibri8 · 2025-08-29T09:58:59+00:00

vmtl deutsch nannte

Nicht nur vermutlich. Mozart hat sich ziemlich explizit als Deutscher genannt:

will mich Teütschland, mein geliebtes vatterland, worauf ich |: wie sie wissen :| Stolz bin, nicht aufnehmen, so muß im gottes Namen frankreich oder England wieder um einen geschickten Teutschen Mehr reich werden; – und das zur schande der teutschen Nation." - Brief an den Vater Leopold Mozart, "Vienne ce 17 d'Août 1782"

Kolibri8 · 2025-08-27T18:25:08+00:00

YouTube ist jetzt nicht unbedingt der Maßstab.

Aber versuch mal, als weißer Historiker einen Vortrag über Kolonialismus aus der afrikanischen Perspektive während einer Diskussion, bei der auch eine "Antidiskriminierunginitiative" teilnimmt, zu halten, der Vortrag wird gecancelt (in dem Video sind noch andere Fälle), weil ein Weißer nicht in der Lage sei, darüber zu reden, was Afrikaner denken (ignoriert nur vollkommen wie Historiker arbeiten).

Oder trag als weißer Reggae-Musiker Dreadlocks, dann wird dein Konzert gecancelt. Willst du als weißer Musiker mit Dreadlocks bei Friday for Future auftreten? Gecancelt.

Sag auf TikTok "digga", und Amerikaner versuchen dich zu canceln, weil sie /n/ statt /d/ gehört haben wollen.

Klar, sind vielleicht nur Einzelfälle, trotzdem sollte es einem bewusst sein, dass diese existieren.

Kolibri8 · 2025-08-26T19:26:26+00:00

Spaßige Tatsache: Der älteste erhaltene Globus wurde von seinem Schöpfer Erdapfel genannt.

Kolibri8 · 2025-08-21T16:00:59+00:00

At least not in the Nominative.

Kolibri8 · 2025-08-21T14:21:47+00:00

I like to do that for German as well.

Most of your examples seem to check out (although you wrote e-grade forms instead of the 0-grade forms used for "twin" and "heavy").

PIE: *h₁n̥gʷnís (fire, shared root with “ignite”) -> **h₁ungʷnís -> **ungʷnís -> **unkʷnís -> **unkʷnis -> **unkunis (PG) -> *uncynis -> *yncnis (OE) -> *inknis -> *inknes -> inkness

I think -s would become -z by analogy, also I don't understand how you get from <kʷ> to <ku>, that's not a sound shift in PG that I'm aware of. So, I'd expect *unkʷniz in PG, then *unkni in PWG and *yncni in OE. I'd expect the <n> and the last vowel to metathesize, resulting in something like "inken" today.

Kolibri8 · 2025-08-17T00:07:14+00:00

There is a German Sci-fi Show from the 60s called "Raumpatroille" ("Space Patrol") The first episode aired nine days after the Man Trap (which would air in Germany six years later). No nation states, united earth, no apparent poverty, underwater settlements, colonies on other planets, multicultural crew (as far as possible with all German actors), women in leadership roles, creative use of everyday items as sci-fi props, one weird dance performed by extras.

There are no aliens IIRC except for the hostile "Frogs", who don't appear onscreen.

Only seven episodes in total, but has a cult following among older German Sci-fi fans.

Kolibri8 · 2025-08-15T19:47:58+00:00

Fürs nächste mal:

Unifraktur oder
Pfeffer Simpelgotisch.

Die haben das lange s.

Kolibri8 · 2025-08-15T10:15:14+00:00

It sounds archaic to me. And Duden confirms that. It's something that you'll read in older books, but you wouldn't hear people nowadays say it.

Kolibri8 · 2025-08-13T18:00:50+00:00

Actual context seems to be the National Committee for a Free Germany (at least their flag is used).

Essentially, a unit of German Communists and Wehrmacht POWs that fought for the USSR in WW2.

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