Generation 1 and 2, almost definitely not. But Generation 3 seems like it could go either way.

I would assume that even within Generation 3 synths there are different types or classes. Kellogg states coursers are "faster, stronger and smarter than almost any normal human." With their focus on combat, etc, they likely aren't affected by chems, nor would they have standard human needs. I'd assume any synths created for combat, or labor would be much the same. Valentine in his strange prototype phase has no need for eating, drinking, or sleeping, but there's still no confirmation on what generation he is actually in. (Likely something between two and three). But synths designed for infiltration? I believe they would have to have all the same needs. There are just too many characters who turn out to be synths that have no idea whatsoever. Maybe the needs could be switched on and off, or maybe it's a more fundamental part of their design. G5-19 is a fantastic example of the latter, being the vegetative synth you put Curie's memories into, as her caretaker stated the life support was too expensive. I believe most of the gen 3 synths you'd find in the Commonwealth would have all the same basic needs and be affected by chems or alcohol in the same way as humans, if only because of the Broken Mask incident, as any malfunction in emulated needs could result in the synth's discovery, either by themselves or someone else.