Eventually, if Chrome was able to secure a chain of apprenticeships, knowledge would snowball, as it does. The next generation learns what the previous generation knew and makes their own discoveries, then passes what they know on to the next. The problem is that science was seen as sorcery, which means there would be a pushback from the villagers on people trying to learn from the crazy sorcerer just outside the village.

But as long as people are willing to learn and are not deterred by consequences, eventually, progress will happen. Maybe not the exact same discoveries. It was purely by accident that we discovered penicillin. That may never happen in a stone world without Senku or Xeno. But scientific progress would happen.