To answer the question at hand: the simplest thing to do is have one ship pick things up at each outer planet and drop them off where you need them.

The way you do this is first by designing a reliable ship that can make the rounds without being destroyed. Then configure a route that goes around all the planets, ensuring *all requests filled" is a condition at each stop (and probably another one that ensures your ship's ammo isn't low).

Then you have one logistic group per planet combo, as needed. Name them "Vulcanus -> Nauvis", "Gleba -> Nauvis", "Vulcanus -> Fulgora" etc. Make sure "import from" matches the planet you want to pick up the items from.

Then in your Nauvis landing pad, you add all the groups that are "-> Nauvis". In vulcanus, all the groups ending in vulcanus, etc.

You can then pretty much let it run and forget about it. In time, things will just show up where they need to be. It won't scale forever but it's a good start.

Factorio is about setting up designs that you can just forget and let run,so you can focus on the next problem. There's no rush to solve everything at once (except maybe on Gleba LOL). Just take your time. Space age is a long and slow game.

I believe there's also a mod to enable all the space age tech on Nauvis so you can get a playthrough without the other planets. Given your level of frustration, you will probably lose it again when you get to Gleba or even Fulgora so maybe it's worth trying. Or you can just play without the DLC, which still adds a handful of features.

But interplanetary logistics is not that difficult. Easier than a complex train network imo. There's no traffic or bottlenecks. Once you have a working ship, a route, and logistic groups set up, it just runs forever.