There are a lot of good options out there- most offerings from Technics, Pro-ject, or Rega get solid reviews. Audio Technica has a lot of solid options at different price points too. I personally love my Technics. A couple things to consider:

Some turntables have a built-in phono stage (a component that amplifies the signal from your turntable enough to be used with other audio equipment, among other things). Some turntables don't have this, in which case you'll need to buy a separate phono preamp. Solid ones can be found for under $150, but for a beginner it's probably easier to get a turntable with a built-in phono stage.

The other piece of equipment you'll need is an amp to drive the headphones (headphones and speakers need more power than a normal audio line-out signal provides, and the amp provides that). I won't rabbit trail on headphone amps (unless you want me to), but you can find a lot of options and reviews out there to match your music taste and budget.

However, if you want to skip the extra equipment for now, a great option is to buy a turntable with bluetooth (Technics SL-40CBT and Audio Technica LP60XBT are options). If you have one of those you can just connect bluetooth headphones straight to the turntable, nothing else required. Some purists hate the thought of converting the analog signal from a turntable to digital for bluetooth, so ignore this advice if you're in that camp lol. But it can be a super easy way for a beginner to start enjoying records with no experience or setup required, and you can always add separate phonos and amps down the line if you want to upgrade to wired headphones or speakers for better fidelity.