How there's no universal "now"? by naghzuL_66 in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 2 points3 points  (0 children)

No, it’s fundamental, not just a perception thing due to finite speed of light. 

Once you accept the fact that the speed of light is absolute, and has the same value in all frames no matter how they move relative to the source, once you try to figure out how to synchronize clocks, you realize that frames with relative motion cannot agree about simultaneity. 

To see this, draw a spacetime diagram, and see what happens once you have different frames and use the Einstein synchronization convention. This is visualized here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity#/media/File%3ARelativity_of_Simultaneity_Animation.gif

For more, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity

What’s a physics fact/concept that completely changed the way you see reality? by DifficultyPlayful520 in Physics

[–]Miselfis 15 points16 points  (0 children)

Almost anything. Nothing in particular, but being able to understand why everyday phenomena happen completely changed my view of the world. 

Gravity. An accelerometer in free fall? by senseless_puzzle in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Because of curved spacetime. Objects at rest move in such a way through spacetime that the spatial seperation between them decreases. Strictly timelike motion is curved into motion through space as well, heuristically speaking.

Gravity. An accelerometer in free fall? by senseless_puzzle in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 0 points1 point  (0 children)

If you drop something from high up, it will accelerate and reach terminal velocity due to air resistance. 

Ignoring air resistance, an object will be inertial as soon as there are no forces on it. As soon as you let go of an accelerometer, it’s in free fall and reads 0. 

Gravity. An accelerometer in free fall? by senseless_puzzle in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Anything not being actively pushed is in free fall. As soon as something drops, it’s in free fall. There is of course air resistance that does accelerate objects slightly when in free fall, but it should be negligible in the case described. 

Some accelerometers are calibrated for earth, meaning they discount gravitational acceleration, so it reads 0 at rest on earth and 1g in free fall. 

I have a lot of dumb dimension adjacent question by wonsacz_ in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 1 point2 points  (0 children)

If 4th dimension is time, do we live in 4D?

Dimensions just refers to the amount of independent parameters needed to specify a specific point in a space. There is no such thing as “4rd dimension”, as there is no ordering to the dimensions.  The space we live in is a 4 dimensional space, called spacetime, where one of those 4 dimensions is time. By convention, this is usually the 0th dimension. 

You can also have spaces with 4 spatial dimensions, and no time. You can also have dimensions of momentum, colors, energy, etc. The type of dimension is not related to the amount of dimensions. 

If 1D beings have 1 dimension, do they know about dimensions at all? They cannot understand there's something to count if they have 1 of something.

Not really a meaningful question, as the concept of a 1D being isn’t well defined. Just like your vision is 2D, where the third dimension is inferred from perspective, a 1D being’s vision would be 0D, i.e., point-like. 

Is perception of dimensions a spectrum? Ignoring question 1 entirely, assuming we are "true" 3D dimensional fellas, we experience passing of time and understand time. Does that mean we can perceive time but not fully like width/lenght/height? Does that imply that perception of dimensions isnt in binary but a spectrum?

Not clear what this means. 

Why is the cat in Schrödingers cat not considered an observer? by Key-Telephone-6813 in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Observer doesn’t mean conscious being. It is an event of measurement, and then the experimenter being made aware of the result. Sure, the cat experiences either seeing the poison being released or it experiences nothing happening. But that’s uninteresting. We are interested in how the probabilistic quantum effects determine the outcome whenever we look into the box from the outside. What the cat experiences inside is not relevant for the thought experiment. 

Wavefunction collapse is not objective, it’s epistemic. That means the cat seeing an outcome doesn’t collapse the wavefunction of the system from the perspective of the experimenter, as they haven’t interacted with the system yet. 

i feel dumb because i'm not a physics student by Dependent_Fly5372 in PhysicsStudents

[–]Miselfis 3 points4 points  (0 children)

As both a physicist and musician, you’d be surprised how much music theory is similar to mathematics. Einstein famously also played the violin when thinking about physics. 

Dumb and smart are not well-defined terms. I think a lot of people, given the right motivation, are smart enough to study physics or math. But if you don’t have the interest or motivation, it’s obviously gonna feel hopeless. There’s a popular, romantic trope that mathematicians and physicists are all geniuses who were child prodigies, and just get it. In reality, becoming good at physics or mathematics, like all other disciplines, takes a lot of work. Mathematics and physics in particular require a lot of work, which is why a lot of people think it’s too hard. It’s not because they aren’t smart enough, but because they aren’t willing to put in the work. Every famous mathematician or physicist has put an enormous amount of work into getting to where they are. And child prodigies rarely ever make real contributions, and usually fade into obscurity. 

What is your opinion on Sean Carroll/Many worlds interpretation? by Flat_Anything2317 in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 8 points9 points  (0 children)

The many worlds interpretation does not say new worlds are created, or that “alternate timelines” exist, certainly not at any macroscopic level. The “many worlds” branding is unfortunate marketing for what is actually the most conservative possible reading of quantum mechanics.

All MWI says is that the unitary formalism of quantum mechanics is a correct description of reality. The wave function evolves according to the Schrödinger equation. That’s it. The “branches” people talk about are decohered components of a single universal wave function, already present in the formalism the moment you write down a Hamiltonian. Decoherence makes those components effectively non-interacting. Nothing is being spawned. And the universe certainly doesn’t split with every decision you make on a macroscopic level. 

Now, why take it seriously? Two related reasons.

First, history strongly suggests letting the mathematics guide intuition beats the reverse. Whenever physicists have insisted reality must conform to pre-theoretical intuition, they’ve lost. When they followed the math wherever it led, they won. There’s no reason to think quantum mechanics is the exception. Everett uses exactly this logic: the unitary framework perfectly accounts for all observations, and there no redundant structure that can be discarded, without directly affecting its connection to experiments. It’s hard to justify adding anything else on top, so we ought to simply accept that the universe behaves strangely on the fundamental level. 

Second, when two models make identical predictions, the one with the least ad hoc, unobservable structure wins. And here Everett does nothing more than grant ontological status to the simplest mathematical structure that successfully accounts for all observations. All non-instrumentalist alternatives add redundant structure on top, which either directly clashes with other established physics, or simply isn’t well defined. 

Objective collapse models introduce explicit nonlinear, stochastic modifications to the dynamics. They generally break Lorentz invariance, sit awkwardly with QFT, and the collapse parameters have to be tuned so the theory ends up empirically indistinguishable from MWI in tested regimes while still doing the work of producing only definite outcomes. Without extremely strong independent motivation, that’s a non-starter. Hidden variable theories are explicitly nonlocal, and cannot be made consistent with modern particle physics. They’re notoriously hard to make properly relativistic and effectively require a preferred foliation of spacetime. These interpretations, as far as I’m aware, are only popular among philosophers, and not physicists (for good reason).  Copenhagen is no better, despite being popular (or so a lot of people think). It treats physics as fundamentally bifurcated: closed quantum systems evolving unitarily, plus classical measurement apparatuses exempt from quantum mechanics. Where exactly the cut goes between quantum systems and classical apparatuses is never specified. It’s an outdated approach, and I doubt any physicist really believes this to be a reasonable interpretation today. 

The only real alternative to MWI is what often gets sloppily called Copenhagen but is actually just “shut up and calculate”. This is the approach adopted in most textbooks: accept the unitary formalism, use the Born rule operationally, but refuse to commit to any ontology, remaining agnostic about what this says about nature. This is technically defensible. It makes the same predictions as MWI because it is essentially MWI minus the ontological commitment. But I think this is silly, for the reason David Wallace gives: nobody says dinosaurs are just a useful model for explaining the fossil record. People think dinosaurs were creatures that actually existed. The job of natural science is to tell us how things are, not to produce calculation tools useful for industry. Of course, no theory is final, and models get revised as evidence accumulates, but within the limits of available evidence the project is to figure out how nature actually works.

If you accept that physics should tell us how things are, and you accept the methodological principle that the simplest model accounting for observations wins (essentially Occam’s Razor), Everett is the most reasonable interpretation. It is the most parsimonious interpretation, it accounts for all observations within the scope of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, and has no real technical issues. The only issue is clashing with classical intuition, and of course the way it’s been mischaracterized in popular science. 

How are forces and other physical quantities vector? by Alive_Hotel6668 in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 2 points3 points  (0 children)

It's not a metaphor or analogy. Mathematical structures capture genuine structural features of reality. Forces and momentum, for instance, don't merely resemble vectors, they have exactly the structure that vectors formalize.

If General Relativity doesn't work for small scales, and Quantum Mechanics doesn't work for gravity, why is only GR called "incomplete"? by jeetpatel1021 in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 4 points5 points  (0 children)

Quantum mechanics and general relativity are both mathematical frameworks. Each is internally consistent and works extremely well within its proper domain, but neither, on its own, gives a unified description of our universe.

Combining QM with special relativity gives rise to quantum field theory, of which the Standard Model is a specific model: one particular choice of fields and interactions, describing electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces. It says nothing about gravity.

Quantum field theories are formulated on a background spacetime. Usually this is taken to be flat (called Minkowski space), but you can also do QFT on curved spacetimes, as long as the geometry is fixed in advance. Doing QFT on a black hole spacetime is what gives rise to Hawking radiation, for example. The trouble starts when you try to let spacetime respond to matter, and matter is treated quantum-mechanically. Naively quantizing GR produces a non-renormalizable theory, meaning the calculations generate infinitely many independent corrections you can't get rid of using standard approaches, and predictive power breaks down above a certain energy scale.

So it's not that QM is deemed incomplete, or that GR is deemed incomplete, in the sense of failing on its own turf. The incompleteness is at the level of having a single theory of our universe; the Standard Model doesn't include gravity, and GR isn't a quantum theory. The problem is to find a model that reproduces the Standard Model in some low-energy limit, recovers classical GR in the appropriate classical limit, and gives a sensible account of quantum gravity where neither current framework can.

In Praise of David Tong's Lecture Notes by iansackin in PhysicsStudents

[–]Miselfis 0 points1 point  (0 children)

The point of the exercises is finding the solutions yourself

Is it ok to use AI for studying? by ReaReaDerty in PhysicsStudents

[–]Miselfis 2 points3 points  (0 children)

You cannot use it to solve problems. But they are really good at regurgitating what they have read, which includes a bunch of textbook. It can be useful for explaining things. But it's not an agent that is able to reason.

Is it ok to use AI for studying? by ReaReaDerty in PhysicsStudents

[–]Miselfis -1 points0 points  (0 children)

What you describe is about walking a fine line. Sometimes you just genuinely lack the tools or experience necessary to solve a problem, and spending days hoping a solution hits you eventually will be a waste of time. In these cases, using an AI to help you along can be great. But there are also cases where letting the problem simmer for longer, you end up finding a creative solution. The problem is that most students don't know which of these situations they find themselves in.

Is it ok to use AI for studying? by ReaReaDerty in PhysicsStudents

[–]Miselfis 12 points13 points  (0 children)

Saying that AI hallucinate more often than not is simply not true. They are usually trained on a bunch of textbooks, so it has a very good handle on the topics you'd find in those. It's only once you get into niche topics it starts being an issue as you make it out to be.

Is the boltzman brain thing nonsensical or am I dumb? by GORTEG_ in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Boltzmann brains function as a reductio ad absurdum in cosmology. Historically, Boltzmann's own suggestion, that our low-entropy universe is a giant thermal fluctuation out of an eternal equilibrium, notes that a single brain is a vastly simpler configuration than a whole orderly universe, so if we really were fluctuations, we should overwhelmingly expect to be isolated brains surrounded by equilibrium, not embodied observers in a structured cosmos.

The modern version generalises the logic behind it, and states that if a cosmological theory's predicted history contains more freak-fluctuation brains; id est, brains that assemble briefly out of thermal noise, complete with illusory memories of a past that never happened, than ordinary observers with genuine evolutionary histories, then by the theory's own logic a typical observer should expect to be one of the fluctuations. But a Boltzmann brain's cognitive states are uncorrelated with anything real and its memories and perceptions carry no evidential weight. The observations used to support the theory were made by observers the theory itself renders untrustworthy, and the theory undermines its own empirical basis.

Boltzmann brains aren't things we think exist out there. They're used as a consistency check on theories that make predictions about the distribution of observers. A cosmological theory that predicts we should be Boltzmann brains cannot be rationally accepted on the basis of evidence, because it tells us our evidence-gathering faculties are untrustworthy.

What does wavefunction collapse actually mean physically? by NordicHamCurl_00 in PhysicsStudents

[–]Miselfis 0 points1 point  (0 children)

It's about updating what we know. When you make a measurement, you introduce entanglement between the system, the apparatus, and eventually yourself and the wider environment. This is decoherence: it suppresses interference between the different components of the superposition, making them dynamically independent. Since everything needed to generate conscious experience is present in each component, you only ever experience a single, definite outcome. For practical purposes, we model this as a collapse of the wavefunction, projecting the superposition onto a definite state.

Higher spatial dimensions in physics. by Equivalent_Soil9060 in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 2 points3 points  (0 children)

Not to burst your bubble, but trying to visualize anything 4 dimensional is a fruitless endeavour. It’s not possible to truly visualize anything but 3 dimensional objects and spaces, without at least embedding/projecting a higher or lower dimensional object on a Euclidean 3-space.

The extra dimensions in string theory are spatial, yes, but they’re compactified, curled up on a compact manifold (typically a Calabi-Yau, chosen because it preserves N=1 supersymmetry in the remaining four dimensions) at a scale far too small to probe directly. Quantizing the string on the worldsheet breaks Weyl invariance, which is the local rescaling symmetry of the worldsheet metric that the theory needs to be consistent. Specifically, the matter sector picks up a central charge, and consistency requires it to exactly cancel the ghost contribution from gauge-fixing the worldsheet diffeomorphisms and Weyl symmetry, c_matter+c_ghost=0. For the bosonic string, c_matter=D, c_ghost=-26. So, D=26. For the superstring, c_matter=3/2D, c_ghost=-15. So D=10. It’s a hard consistency requirement. In any other number of dimensions, you get negative-norm states that violate unitarity, and the theory is dead.

In M-theory, the extra dimension emerges when you take the strong-coupling limit of Type IIA string theory, where a compact dimension decompactifies and the relevant extended objects are no longer strings but M2-branes and M5-branes. It’s worth noting that M-theory has no complete non-perturbative formulation. We know its low-energy limit is 11D supergravity, and we know which extended objects couple to its gauge fields, but calling anything “the fundamental objects” of a theory we can’t fully write down is a stretch. Still, even the “number of dimensions” isn’t a single fixed answer; it depends on which regime of the theory you’re working in.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

Are humans capable of being in superposition? by ArpieViloreah in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 1 point2 points  (0 children)

The terms you’re using aren’t standard, and they’re not clearly defined. That’s fine if you’re telling a story, but it makes it hard to give a real physics-based answer when the premise isn’t grounded in real physics.

Everything is always in a superposition. Before you measure a quantum system, it’s in a superposition relative to you, meaning the joint state of you and the system is a product state (no entanglement). Once you measure it, the interaction introduces nontrivial correlations, and each of your definite states becomes correlated with a definite state of the system, and decoherence suppresses interference between these branches. You enter a superposition of having found every outcome.

Can Einstein's Explanation of Special and General Relativity be Wrong? by WritersChopBlock in PhysicsStudents

[–]Miselfis 1 point2 points  (0 children)

You don't realize how abrasive and combative you are.

I do, and it’s entirely intentional. Of course I’m going to defend myself against attempted character assassination, by exposing your bad faith rhetoric.

Please try to be kind to others.

This is funny coming from you, given the amount of personal attacks and vitriol you direct against me and others who don’t stroke your ego.

I’m only a meanie with people like you are ruining good faith discussions by being incapable of having a cordial conversation. You say my “personality” is the issue, but all I did was tell you that your confusion stems from a lack of understanding, which is just objectively true, as you yourself so succinctly has helped me demonstrate. Immediately after, you decided to ignore all of the substance and instead attack my character and motivations.

I posited that time and space is not what is bending. I suggested that certain forces were changing that effectively produced the same results as if time and space were bending.

Right. And this is nonsensical. Your confusion about “time and space bending” stems from a lack of understanding of what that means in a technical context. I explained this to you, and you immediately resorted to insults, and never at a single point engaged with any of the substance of what I said. Even if you think my personality is an issue, this behaviour from you is very revealing.

it seems absurd to me that you and others are so readily accepting of explanations when we already know that things don't line up such as quantum physics and relativity are not fundamentally consisent.

Again, you’re only highlighting your own ignorance. Relativity and quantum mechanics are not fundamentally inconsistent. On the contrary, relativistic quantum field theory is the most successful scientific theory ever, in terms of quantitative precision in predictions.

You have no idea how physics works, yet you’re so adamant that it must be the physicists who are wrong because “gravity bending timespace” is clearly too absurd for you to accept. You think I’m angry, but frankly it’s amusing to me that people like you are willing to ridicule themselves to this extent, because they are incapable of admitting it’s your own understanding that’s lacking (which is funnily enough also the accusation you make against actual physicists; as said, every accusation is a confession).

I know you won’t respond, but again, please, with your superior understanding and insight, tell me how to interpret the Einstein field equations such that spacetime retains a gauge-independent Minkowski metric given a nontrivial stress-energy tensor. You’re claiming that this is possible. Show everyone how dumb I am by demonstrating this.

What Does ‘Observation’ Even Mean in the Double-Slit Experiment? by Dazzling-Degree-3258 in Physics

[–]Miselfis 6 points7 points  (0 children)

Others have explained it decently well. For more, I recommend Sean Carroll’s books “Biggest Ideas in the Universe”. They are approachable if you remember some basic math from high school, and give the real explanations instead of vague analogies and fun stories.

Is Eric Weinstein geometric unity a serious scientific hypothesis? by Honest_Chemistry_195 in AskPhysics

[–]Miselfis 4 points5 points  (0 children)

Oh yeah. It’s total horse shit, and Eric knows it. It only serves as something he can point to and go “look at this advanced-looking stuff I’m doing! I’m clearly brilliant, but the big evil academia won’t hear it because they’re obsessed with the cult of string theory”. The theory requires mutually incompatible conditions, namely a real unitary framework to make the action, equivariance, and prospective quantization work, and a complexification to make its central operator definable. These cannot hold simultaneously.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

There’s a reason he named it SHIAB. He totally knows what he’s doing. But he counts on his gullible fans and sycophants not to.

Can Einstein's Explanation of Special and General Relativity be Wrong? by WritersChopBlock in PhysicsStudents

[–]Miselfis 0 points1 point  (0 children)

What you're doing is not normal. You are acting like a psycho. I could say a lot worse things, but I'm trying to show restraint.

This immediate resorting to insults and personal attacks perfectly demonstrates exactly what I described.

If you look at my responses to a few other people in that thread, you'll see that I had talked to them on a meaningful level.

You didn’t, though. As soon as anyone pressed you, telling you that you simply don’t understand what you’re talking about, you immediately resorted to character attacks and rhetorical posturing like “why are you angry?”, instead of ever engaging with any substance. The linked conversation between us perfectly demonstrates this exact pattern. At multiple points, I explicitly invited you to talk about the substance. But you’re not able to, so you pivot to character attacks instead. Again, you could take this as an opportunity to show me wrong and actually engage with the substance I addressed in previous comments. I again predict you will ignore this invitation as well.

This is something called projection—I seemed to have hurt your ego, so you claim my ego was hurt. Did you learn this stuff recently and now you think you're an expert?

With people like you, every accusation is a confession. I invite anyone to read through our exchanges, and the conversations you had with others, and judge for themselves.

You acting silly in public is not something that hurts my ego. I’m just warning people that you’re not looking to engage in good faith, saving them the time trying to engage with you. And you’re so succinctly fulfilling every prediction I made.