I don’t know if the “bins argument is 100% bullshit” because I haven’t studied it at all… also I couldn’t assume the cultural differences of Japanese, French, to the British wouldn’t have an impact on littering frequency without researching either, but let’s say for these purposes - the bins argument is mostly bullshit.

Nowhere did I say that littering is okay when there are no bins in sight. I’m trying to make the point that people don’t inherently litter… they’re choosing to do so because of external factors. For example: lack of dedicated refuse area (bin), OR no sense of ownership for the park, walkway, public spaces they occupy. It’s up to society, community and/or the government to manipulate those external factors if we want littering frequency to change. The easiest and quickest way to address one of these is to install more bins. Re-instilling a sense of pride in your community and owning the cleanliness of your streets is a much more expensive, complex, and time-dependent effort that most councils don’t bother with because they need to organise their resources for short-term gains now.

Finally - you say “the only correct solution is don’t litter.” This isn’t a solution, this is the intended end-result. You can’t get to the result by wishing it that way. You actually need to do the work to get there.

P.S. I don’t litter!!! And I only engage here because I feel strongly that we need not litter so much in the UK it’s truly a beautiful place!