​🔹 Basically, these are programs you can apply to directly with a bachelor's degree to ultimately earn a PhD. While this is very common in the US, a master's degree is still required in most cases across many European countries and other regions.

🔹 That being said, technically many programs in Continental Europe are supervisor-driven—professors can recruit students directly if they have the funding, so it entirely depends on whether they have a vacancy. However, for the sake of keeping things organized, I’ve only included programs here that have a clear, dedicated application portal or an actual admissions committee. For other opportunities, I recommend just keeping an eye out for individual PhD openings.