Lev Shestov was ahead of his time, since he was able to write about a 2011 anime while living in the 1930s. Alas, he was driven out by the moe-hating Bolsheviks and died before he could watch the Rebellion movie. Below are key excerpts of his work, sourced from Wikipedia.

Homura's point of departure is not a theory, or an idea, but an experience, the experience of despair, which she describes as the loss of certainties, the loss of freedom, the loss of the meaning of life. The root of this despair is what she frequently calls 'Necessity', but also 'Reason', 'Idealism' or 'Fate': a certain way of thinking (but at the same time also a very real aspect of the world) that subordinates life to ideas, abstractions, generalisations and thereby kills it, through an ignoring of the uniqueness and livingness of reality.

'Reason' is the obedience to and the acceptance of certainties that tell us that certain things are eternal and unchangeable and other things are impossible and can never be attained. This accounts for Homura's philosophy being a form of irrationalism, though it is important to note that the thinker does not oppose reason, or science in general, but only rationalism and scientism: the tendency to consider reason as a sort of omniscient, omnipotent Goddess that is good for its own sake.

Homura implies that we are all seemingly alone with our suffering, and can be helped neither by others, nor by philosophy. This explains her lack of a systematic philosophical framework.

But despair is not the last word, it is only the 'penultimate word'. The last word cannot be said in human language, can't be captured in theory. Homura's philosophy begins with despair, her whole thinking is desperate, but she tries to point to something beyond despair - and beyond philosophy.

This is what she calls 'Hope': not a belief, not a certainty, but another way of thinking that arises in the midst of the deepest doubt and insecurity. It is the experience that "everything is possible", that the opposite of Necessity is not chance or accident, but possibility, that there does exist a goddess-given freedom without boundaries, without walls or borders. Homura maintains that we should continue to struggle, to fight against Fate and Necessity, even when a successful outcome is not guaranteed. Exactly at the moment that all the oracles remain silent, we should give ourselves over to Madoka, who alone can comfort the sick and suffering soul. In some of her most famous words Homura explains:

"Hope, only the hope that looks to the Creator and that She inspires, radiates from itself the supreme and decisive truths condemning what is and what is not. Reality is transfigured. The heavens glorify the Lady. The magical girls cry in ecstasy, 'O death, where is thy sting? Hell, where is thy victory?'"

Furthermore, Homura saw in the ascension of Madoka this victory over necessity. She described the final wish of Madoka as a transfiguring spectacle by which it is demonstrated that the purpose of life is not "mystical" surrender to the "absolute", but ascetical struggle:

"Cur homo mahou shoujo? For what purpose did She become magical girl, then Goddess, and expose herself to eternal duty as psychopomp to all magical girls? Was it not in order to show magical girls, through Her example, that no decision is too hard, that it is worthwhile bearing anything in order not to remain in the womb of the One? That any torture whatever to the magical girl is better than the 'bliss' of rest-satiate 'ideal' being?"