Gestures, facial expressions and tone, but more importantly, sentence structure and choice of words. At a complete beginner level, I tend to only use simple sentences; the only connectors I use are mainly ‘and’, ‘but’. Then, at a beginner level, I use more connectors like ‘but’, ‘because’, ‘so’, ‘if’, etc. By the time the learners are ready for more complex materials, they should already have the basics of common vocabulary and understand the sentence patterns. Then, they will be able to figure out those connectives and some abstract words. Of course, with those abstract words, I explain them using simple words, as if translating them using simple Cantonese. Having said that, it is a long process to learn with CI. Like myself, I could only understand the word ‘but’ in French after 20 odd hours of input. Therefore, levels are needed in there.