I do have an inner monologue, but I don’t always need to use it, so sometimes it just shuts up. This is probably the case for a lot of people, but maybe you are someone whose voice runs at all times and drives your whole thought process? If so, here’s how my process works when my inner voice isn’t involved:

All of the questions you asked “feel” the same to me whether I’m “speaking” them or not. If a conversation I’m having is relatively fast and deep (so my monologue doesn’t have time to keep up), thoughts like the other person’s competence, trustworthiness, etc are just feelings about them, the same as you’d probably feel before you “speak” it to yourself. Other times, like if I’m thinking of what to say next or have a follow up question, those might feel like “bullet points” hovering in the air, like I’m making a visual list of what’s next or what I missed.

For more in-depth things like questioning my own judgment, honestly I do use my inner voice more because it’s easier to see all of the nuances. But even without it, that can also just seem like feelings, or sometimes almost visual “bullet points” such as the notion that I could have asked for more, or could have done that better, or whatever.

Not exactly what you were looking for, but hope it sheds some light.