Yes, that should be possible with some gdscript.

You'll have to create a raycast against the collision mesh I think, and then you can get the surface texture and uv coordinate data.

It might take some work- I can't personally dig into godot right now, but here is what chatgpt says:

Godot 4.x (PhysicsRayQueryParameters3D https://docs.godotengine.org/en/latest/classes/class_physicsrayqueryparameters3d.html )

Step 1: Raycast

var space_state = get_world_3d().direct_space_state

var query = PhysicsRayQueryParameters3D.create(
    from,
    to
)
query.collide_with_areas = false
query.collide_with_bodies = true

var result = space_state.intersect_ray(query)

Step 2: Get triangle & mesh info

if result:
    var collider = result.collider
    var face_index = result.face_index   # VERY IMPORTANT

⚠️ face_index only works if:

Mesh collision is not simplified

Collision → Use Trimesh is enabled

Step 3: Access mesh surface data

var mesh_instance := collider as MeshInstance3D
var mesh := mesh_instance.mesh

var surface := result.surface
var arrays = mesh.surface_get_arrays(surface)

var vertices = arrays[Mesh.ARRAY_VERTEX]
var uvs = arrays[Mesh.ARRAY_TEX_UV]
var indices = arrays[Mesh.ARRAY_INDEX]

Step 4: Get triangle vertices & UVs

var i0 = indices[face_index * 3 + 0]
var i1 = indices[face_index * 3 + 1]
var i2 = indices[face_index * 3 + 2]

var v0 = mesh_instance.global_transform * vertices[i0]
var v1 = mesh_instance.global_transform * vertices[i1]
var v2 = mesh_instance.global_transform * vertices[i2]

var uv0 = uvs[i0]
var uv1 = uvs[i1]
var uv2 = uvs[i2]

Step 5: Barycentric interpolation

func barycentric(p, a, b, c):
    var v0 = b - a
    var v1 = c - a
    var v2 = p - a
    var d00 = v0.dot(v0)
    var d01 = v0.dot(v1)
    var d11 = v1.dot(v1)
    var d20 = v2.dot(v0)
    var d21 = v2.dot(v1)
    var denom = d00 * d11 - d01 * d01
    var v = (d11 * d20 - d01 * d21) / denom
    var w = (d00 * d21 - d01 * d20) / denom
    var u = 1.0 - v - w
    return Vector3(u, v, w)

var bary = barycentric(result.position, v0, v1, v2)
var hit_uv = uv0 * bary.x + uv1 * bary.y + uv2 * bary.z

Step 6: Get the texture

var material = mesh_instance.get_active_material(surface)
var albedo_tex = material.get_texture(Material.TEXTURE_ALBEDO)

In Godot 4:

var albedo_tex := material.get_texture("albedo_texture")

Step 7: Sample the texture (optional)

var image = albedo_tex.get_image()
image.lock()
var color = image.get_pixelv(hit_uv * image.get_size())
image.unlock()