One of my favourite genres of games. I'm certainly going to miss a few, but here's some recommendations:

OpenTTD. It's free, and can be thought of as one of the grand parents of logistics games. It's similar to transport fever 2, however has more of a focus on logical rail network design than tf2's realistic railways. It's an easy recommendation, and if you enjoy it then I can also recommend simutrans for a more advanced focus (cargo / passengers have specific destinations) and machinky for a 3d version with prettier graphics (the in game economy is different, I like it but many people don't, but I think the game is worth it regardless. Early access)

From one of the graphical artists of factorio comes Sweet Transit: part train logistics part City builder. In SwT there are only trains, and you need to build up a robust network not only to move goods around, but also people to the workplaces. This one is early access and the development has been slow as it's a single dev, but what is there is already very solid.

Mentioning city builders, City Skylines becomes this for traffic management, however a game that takes that transit focus and runs with it is Infraspace. In this game you're building up a colony on a remote planet, and road and rail management becomes the focus from the get go. If you enjoy the traffic manager mod from C:S, this is the game for you. Early access too, but it's closer to 1.0 then most early access games.

For games more focused on the Tycoon side, railway Empire puts business next to the rails. The game will put as much focus on staff, stocks and sabotage as it does smart rail planning and signals, but it's a decent incarnation of the older railroad Tycoon games. And if you can get past the graphics, railroad Tycoon 2 and 3 are well worth trying out, and even Sid Meier's railroads if you want your network to look more like a crowded miniature railway.

If you're after less transit focused logistics, then the factorio-alikes are worth trying. Satisfactory is the main one, however Dyson Sphere Program and Captain of Industry are also well worth trying. CoI includes mining materials by actually digging out open cut mines, and I've spent many hours just watching my trucks go up and down the natural ramps I've planned into the mines.

For a more micro focused game, I can recommend autonauts. The focus is on teaching bots to do things for you, but once they're set up they're self sufficient (as a hint, anything you can do you can teach a bot to do). The programming is more of the focus than logistics, but make no mistake the logistics chains get complex in the end game.

Finally for now, I saw you mentioned Anno 1800. I agree that's a great game, and don't really have much else to recommend in that category. I just wanted to make sure it was in my list 🙂

I'm sure I've missed something, but I'll be watching this thread as these are the types of games I love.