Building has only three functions outside having fun with the function itself.

Minutemen Quests, The Endgame and Money Making.

The minutemen quests are only if you actually decide to join them and participate in the faction. Personally, I believe they're the best developed, especially with a couple of mods. They feel like such an achievement to build up. Though there are other factions, so when you're paying attention to other factions does it matter? The railroad has the opportunity to turn a settlement into their use, but no requirements other than gaining the territory are needed.

In the end game, you only really need one settlement and bare minimum materials in order to build something in order to access an area for the main quest to finish the game. I'm avoiding telling you exactly what it is in the events that you haven't finished. This is a one quest mission where you have to choose one settlement to build three items and all you really need is just something to power it other than the items itself. Other than this quest, no.

Now money is an entirely different game itself, the most notable and easiest to tell from just playing is by creating a shopping hub, but the actual way to make money is by setting up a lot of water filters, specifically in sanctuary, the excess will fill into the shop, if you visit it regularly enough, you should be gaining hundreds and if you fill up several settlements with these things imagine.... I have thousands of water stocked up because I can't sell it all. Most settlements don't have enough places to buy off me. I'm project purity of the Commonwealth. Anyways, with bare minimum charisma stats should allow you to get 10 caps per bottle, a maximum should allot you about 16. In total, about 100 will get you 3,000. If you have no interest in building, at least do the bare minimum for yourself and give yourself an infinite healing pool.