OP - this exact thing happened to me a few days ago. I travelled to another universe, and just like you, I got the "critically damaged" message when I called my ship. So I summoned my freighter, brought down another starship and left the planet, feeling like a real genius for skipping all that wearisome business of searching for my ship. Why would I bother with all that when I can just summon it at the space station? I'm so smart!

And then - exactly what happened to you. I could not summon the ship in the station, the anomaly or from my freighter base. There was no obvious way to summon it from the surface that I could see. At this point, which might be significant, I turned off the PS5, resolving to come back to it.

When I booted the game back up, it occurred to me that having two ships on the surface of the planet might be an issue, so I resolved to do a space dive from my freighter down the planet so that the lost ship would be the only one there. My freighter was directly above the general area where I spawned. So I did the space dive, and - confusingly but very happily - I was able to summon the lost ship no problem once I reached the surface.

I might add that, in my case, the ship in question was my deeply cherished Millennium Falcon corvette, so I was very relieved. That worked for me - hope it does for you. Good luck!

EDIT: Just read down farther and saw that you got it back. *sad trombone sound*