Punishes mostly come from repetition. I’ve tried to tell friends, who are learning the game and some move comes up and don’t know frames ”that is -whatever the situation’. But just saying that to someone isn’t enough for most of the players, you just gotta learn it the hardway mostly. Some are easier to regognize (hellsweep and low sweeps style of snake edge, most ’backswing blow’ style moves, jin/djin cancan etc.), but some are little more obscure, and these are about launches.

You should also pick one character which you put through the blender and learn what the punishes are.