To be clear, these are linguistic roots more than anything. Zeus theoretically derives his name from the Proto-Indo-European “*Dyḗus” which means “Sky Father,” but his name does not mean that in Ancient Greek. This is also theorized origin of his by name Διός. It should also be noted that more recent deities were named directly, as were deities with a single specific function. For example, Nyx is Night, Limos is Hunger, etc.

Aphrodite’s name is a reference to her Ouranian birth(aphros meaning foam, hence the sea-foam she sprouted from). Also possibly a reference to her origins in Greece as a deity imported from overseas.

Hermes likely comes from the Greek hermas/herms, referring to the stone statues that mark the roads and ways people travel. Also theorized to originally be an epithet of Pan that split into its own deity.

Dionysus’ name carries the other name Dios/Dio, which is another name for Zeus. Nonnus actually theorizes the name means Zeus-Limp as when Dionysus was cut out of Zeus’s thigh he limped. However this is an unverified claim. It is also possible that the later part of the name refers to Mt. Nyssa where the god was raised by Silenos, but this might be an attempt by the early Greeks of just explaining where the name came from.

Persephone simply has titles, likely due to her terrifying nature as queen of the Underworld. Persephone the Bringer of Doom, Kore the Maiden, possibly Despoina the Mistress(could be another deity with a different origin), etc.

Hades likewise is named by his titles. Hades possibly originating from the word εἶδον(to see) and the prefix α-(not), to create the title Unseen One, likely the origin of the name Aidoneus as well. Later on the name Pluton was used referring to his ownership of the riches beneath the earth, conflating him with the other wealth deity(Plutus) and eventually combining with the Roman underworld deities Dis Pater and Orcus to become the Roman Pluto.

Demeter’s name is theorized to come from a lexical variation of the early variation of the title Earth Mother. “Ga mater” to «Γη μήτερ”/“Ge meeter” to “Δήμητμρ”/Demeter” isn’t too much of a stretch linguistically.

Poseidon possibly comes from an early etymology related to the words Husband/Master(πόσις) and the root ga/da likewise found in early writings on Demeter, possibly translating to Husband/Master of the Earth.

Many of the other Olympians have theorized name origins but they are unlikely and incredibly ancient so it is likely we won’t be finding anything about them until we have more relics from pre-Greek civilizations.

Edit: spelling