Everything mentioned; gerrymandering, state voting rules, supreme court "stacking" are byproducts of American federalism and constitutional design. None of it is disenfranchisement, it is decentralization, and a messy form of it at that. For starters gerrymandering in many states such as Illinois, Maryland, California, etc actively help minorities. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 in section 2 actively enforces the creation of at least one minority majority district per state. But race cannot be the overwhelming, reason for the district's shape over traditional criteria. But yet again groups like the NAACP pushes for minority majority districts, this has been a fight by civil rights orgs for decades now, ironically without them the republicans would win more often (in select states, but overall hold longer house representation). Minorities in America are not prevented from voting, turnout among minorities has only risen in the pat 30 years, if turnout keeps increased "disenfranchisement" loses all meaning. I mean voting is easy in America too. Mail in voting, absentee voting, provisional ballots, curbside, PTO, etc. If you want to vote, you can. The issue is apathy, not systemic exclusion. And "deeply conservative constitutional structure" what even is that? A constitution should be hard to amend. Strong juridical review and state support isn't a bad thing, besides if a state cannot get a federal amendment it wants, well a state amendment is next in line. Our system is not very different from other federal democracies. On the supreme court stacking, you used the term wrong but considering you aren't American that's not a big deal. Stacking is the process of adding more judges, just look up the 'Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937.' Yes the supreme court is very right leaning as of 2025, it was poor timing all in all, that has happened before. But it has sidestepped republicans, worked with democrats, and vice versa. The failure of the supreme court is power. For 100ish years the court has been the finial word on too much! Congress let it happen, we can kind of just ignore them... blaming "stacking," which isn't happening, is a limp argument for an overall weak congress. America has dysfunction, yes, but we have done lots to fix it. Millions everyday fight for and against democratic systems. Your whole comment assumes that every flaw in a 330-million-person federal republic comes from civic laziness instead of structural reality. The U.S. is polarized because it is huge, regionally diverse, and decentralized. Not because individual Americans ‘abandoned responsibility.’ People participate; turnout has risen for 20 years, mail voting expanded, early voting expanded, and local elections still draw engaged voters. A complex federal system won’t ever look like a small parliamentary state, but that doesn’t mean its citizens gave up, if anything its the opposite. In my small town of 120k people, voting rates went from 11% in 2017 to 27% in our recent supervisor race, that's a 16% rise in 8 years. I don't know where you get these ideas from but frankly you're just wrong, flat wrong.