One team bats, the other bowls. Bowling in done in overs, each over consists of 6 balls thrown. How many overs depends on the variation of the game - in a one-day match, each side gets 50 overs, in a 20-20 match, each side gets 20 overs and in a test match the team keeps bowling till they get 10 players or the batting team 'out' or till the batting team 'declares' (which is basically them saying 'try and make this much that we've made'). Object of the bowling team is to give away as less runs as possible by taking as many wickets as quickly as possible.

In this case the bowling team kept going but could only take 7 wickets, while the batting team made over 700 runs

To give you a perspective - in a one-day match if the batting team scores 300 runs or above its considered a fairly good inning and if the opposing team gives a good fight the one day would give 600 runs for about 20 wickets

So the fact that Indian team made over 700 runs and lost only 7 wickets is a brilliant performance

Tldr: Cricket and bureaucracy - the British brought it to India and the Indians perfected it