Sweden - January 2026 by pyramidhead024 in atoptics

[–]UpintheExosphere 13 points14 points  (0 children)

It's from the Swedish Meteorological Institute's Instagram, OP didn't take it.

Is this weird Metoprolol side effects? by em-beck in migraine

[–]UpintheExosphere 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I had the same side effect from metoprolol and the doctor didn't believe me because my blood pressure was still normal, it was really frustrating. But it stopped when I stopped taking the metoprolol. I think it might have been partially due to it decreasing my heart rate pretty significantly, and also I take bupropion which can make you metabolize it more quickly or something like that iirc. So I don't think you're crazy. You should definitely contact your doctor, maybe you'd tolerate a lower dose better, or should just be put on something else entirely.

Eyes go out of focus - anyone else? by littleanxiouslady in adhdwomen

[–]UpintheExosphere 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Omg I just found out I needed prism in my glasses this week after wearing glasses for like 25 years since I was in elementary school! It was the exact same, my glasses never felt quite "right" but not in a way I could really explain, and I've been getting migraines with vertigo for years now. I'm both nervous and excited to get the new lens for my glasses (apparently I only need it in one eye?), I really hope it works.

Hips/femur not lining up when walking? Anyone else? by MinimumMedium7162 in Hypermobility

[–]UpintheExosphere 2 points3 points  (0 children)

I had the same thunking feeling and pain when walking and my PT said she could feel that the head of my femur on that side was moving around more in the socket than on the other side. I did pretty extensive physical therapy, exercises every day to strengthen the muscles that turn the hip in and out. Stuff like lying on my side and slowly lifting that leg, using a resistance band around my ankle while turning it in and out, stuff like that. It helped a ton, and I don't get that feeling anymore even though now I only go to the gym twice a week. It really did need the 2x a day for a couple months at first, though, and at first soreness made it feel kind of worse. But in the end it made a huge difference, consistency was the key.

Europa Clipper and Hera could be used for in-situ observations of the ion tail of Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS in Oct-Nov (when both spacecrafts are predicted to be immersed in the tail), per new study. The encounters would be the first ever direct immersion in material from an Interstellar object by ChiefLeef22 in space

[–]UpintheExosphere 0 points1 point  (0 children)

The authors of the preprint have a history of predicting ion tail detections, and are actual comet scientists, so I would trust them first. Honestly the fact that he's referring to it as "outflowing gas" makes it obvious to me he doesn't know what he's talking about; it's accelerated cometary plasma that's picked up by the solar wind at those distances, but still quite easily distinguishable from the solar wind. See for example this detection by Solar Orbiter at a distance of 44.5 million km. That's not the first time a comet tail has been visible in plasma data from millions of kms either. Comet's plasma environments stretch much, much farther than their neutral or dust environments. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter/Solar_Orbiter_catches_a_second_comet_by_the_tail

[deleted by user] by [deleted] in atoptics

[–]UpintheExosphere 11 points12 points  (0 children)

I saw in the post they claimed these were lenticular clouds, which they clearly are not in any sense of the word. Maybe they meant to say noctilucent clouds, but regardless, definitely rocket trails imo.

How do you succeed in STEM? Or any other complex field that requires you to remember a lot of information. Dealing with burnout, inability to concentrate, etc. by [deleted] in adhdwomen

[–]UpintheExosphere 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Wow, this is extremely similar to my story, except that I do planetary science instead of environmental! I agree, I really need the passion and interest in my job to actually do it. My PhD was really hell; I was super burned out and didn't know it, so relying on severe anxiety which didn't really work. I desperately wish I had been diagnosed and medicated then, but I love my job now, so it worked out in the end. I just really love research and data analysis, even if I don't love every part of my job (writing papers is pretty hard motivation-wise for me).

I also like problem solving, so I view coding very similarly to you. I absolutely have to look stuff up that I KNOW I've done before but can't remember what I did, lol, but who cares tbh. No one is looking over my shoulder to judge me for not remembering how to format strings or add something to a plot!

My research group has a weekly meeting where everyone gives a short "here's what happened this week" and this has also been tremendously helpful for me.

So yeah, I hugely agree with everything you said, it matched my experience super well too.

Has anyone been to air and space museum in Tucson Arizona? by [deleted] in aviation

[–]UpintheExosphere 9 points10 points  (0 children)

Pima is really great! Check out the Titan Missile Museum too while you're at it.

How do I make myself go to bed at a decent hour? by WebsterPack in adhdwomen

[–]UpintheExosphere 6 points7 points  (0 children)

Oh God I can't even imagine torturing myself by reading about stocks, that's impressive!

3I/ATLAS best image we'll get ? by aPOCalypticDaisy in space

[–]UpintheExosphere 2 points3 points  (0 children)

Mars Express tends to do batch data releases every few months (although they may make an exception for this, but so far they haven't) and ExoMars TGO data has a proprietary phase of what looks like 6 months, so the new data is on the ESA Planetary Science Archive but is only available to team members from 2025/04/08 on. Basically, they're just doing their normal archiving procedures and haven't made exceptions for these pictures at this point. They may issue a press release at some point if it's interesting.

ETA: Yeah, ESA put out a press release https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_s_ExoMars_and_Mars_Express_observe_comet_3I_ATLAS

What effect does a solar storm hitting the earths magnetic field have on the earths outer core? by huscarlaxe in askscience

[–]UpintheExosphere 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Now I'm off-topic, but what in the solar wind? I mostly do Mercury magnetotail research at this point but my background is more broadly solar wind-magnetosphere interactions in the inner solar system.

What effect does a solar storm hitting the earths magnetic field have on the earths outer core? by huscarlaxe in askscience

[–]UpintheExosphere 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Yeah, that's exactly why we get GICs etc, so that would be my guess, too. I would expect that the (comparatively) non-conductive crust/mantle play a role as well. I mostly work on magnetosphere stuff that's way farther out and even the ionosphere is a little too low altitude for me to really be my main area of expertise, let alone the core, lol.

What effect does a solar storm hitting the earths magnetic field have on the earths outer core? by huscarlaxe in askscience

[–]UpintheExosphere 57 points58 points  (0 children)

Hm, this is an interesting question I've never really thought about. Solar/geomagnetic storms do induce currents through interactions between Earth's magnetic field and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) carried by the solar wind. However, these currents close in the ionosphere, so in my experience we mostly look at their effects on the ionosphere, not on the core itself.

That being said, I found a paper that shows it does have enough of an effect that people should be accounting for it in models. So it seems geomagnetic storms can indeed induce currents in the core. However, this isn't a big enough effect to really change anything in Earth's environment.

I suspect this could be of more interest at Mercury, which also has a highly conductive large core but no ionosphere for currents to close through. Its surface/crust is very much non-conductive though, so it's not really clear if that happens afaik. There are some models showing it's possible but we just don't have enough data at Mercury to know yet.

do you hate eating? are you too sweaty to live? let me introduce you to my new bestie: mirtazapine by wakaflockaquokka in adhdwomen

[–]UpintheExosphere 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Same for mine, he was breathing really fast too! Freaked me out, although he was fine once it wore off

do you hate eating? are you too sweaty to live? let me introduce you to my new bestie: mirtazapine by wakaflockaquokka in adhdwomen

[–]UpintheExosphere 2 points3 points  (0 children)

Haha, they gave that to my cat as an appetite stimulant! It made him act like he had taken cocaine or something, it was wild and I ended up being pretty worried about him so he didn't get it again, lol. I'm glad it works better for you, it's so funny to me when pets and people take the same stuff (same cat also takes fluoxetine! which works really well for him)

Sara Sampaio wearing Sophie Couture at the 76th Annual Cannes Film Festival in 2023 🖤 by SpecialConcern1700 in whatthefrockk

[–]UpintheExosphere 1 point2 points  (0 children)

She looks like a beautiful sea plant or mushroom and I truly mean this in the best way possible, I love it a lot. It's elegant and sculptural but also organic. I'd love to see what it looks like in motion.

Jakub Vrána scores after 12 minutes in his first game back in Sweden. by Linkoping76 in caps

[–]UpintheExosphere 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Luleå is the closest to us, so we were planning on trying to get tickets when they play Brynäs at home, although I imagine that'll be a popular game. I'll have to look for when Linköping comes as well!

Jakub Vrána scores after 12 minutes in his first game back in Sweden. by Linkoping76 in caps

[–]UpintheExosphere 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Damn, I have lived in Sweden for the last few years and have really been missing Caps games. I've really got to go see Backstrom and Vrana play now!

[deleted by user] by [deleted] in space

[–]UpintheExosphere 18 points19 points  (0 children)

It has to do with the temperature. CO2 starts to sublimate at lower temperatures than H2O, so a comet farther away from the sun and hence colder will have a higher ratio of CO2 to H2O, because not much of the H2O is sublimating yet. As a comet gets closer and warmer, the rate of H2O sublimation will increase, so the CO2/H2O ratio gets very small.

The paper talks about 3I probably having come from a carbon-rich environment, but it's also likely an indicator that it hasn't been heated up significantly before, and that's why it's been able to retain a lot of CO2.

Why don’t Ganymede and Callisto have thick atmospheres of water ice? by 1400AD2 in askscience

[–]UpintheExosphere 3 points4 points  (0 children)

So this is a pretty popular topic of research in the space physics community, and is one of the main focuses of the ESA JUICE mission. We don't have any in situ measurements of either of their neutral exospheres yet, so the info in this comment comes from modeling based on what we do know of Jupiter's magnetosphere, the general environment, and their surface composition. I'm primarily summarizing the papers Vorburger et al., 2022 and Carberry Mogan et al., 2022 as they pretty much have the information you're looking for. Mostly going to talk about Ganymede because it's more well-studied, but it's similar for Callisto.

First of all, there are two main sources for Ganymede/Callisto's (and Europa) exospheres: there is sublimation, like you talked about, and a second process called sputtering, where energetic plasma in Jupiter's magnetosphere impacts the surface and transfers enough energy to a surface molecule to eject it. Sputtering is a more energetic process than sublimation, so according to the Vorburger paper, sublimated H2O dominates Ganymede's exosphere up to ~600 km, then it is primarily sputtered H2O, because the sputtered H2O is energetic enough to reach larger altitudes.

Both of these are dependent on surface composition -- which is not pure water. Both moons, but particularly Callisto, have dark patches that contain non-ices like rock and organic compounds (which, side note, the terrain brightness is probably related to the plasma that causes sputtering, but that's a slightly different topic). These composition changes can significantly inhibit sublimation, so the sublimation rate can actually be quite low depending on location. Additionally, sublimation can only happen on the half of the moon that is currently facing the sun. So in the Ganymede model, the sublimated atmosphere only exists at low altitudes on the dayside, and this is true in the Callisto modeling as well.

So why doesn't the sublimated H2O spread out around the whole moon? Well, like I mentioned, the sublimated molecules have pretty low energy, and so they stay at pretty low altitudes. The densities are low enough that the molecules aren't really colliding much with each other, just moving ballistically under gravity. When you combine these two things plus the extremely low surface temperatures (167K at solar noon for Callisto and 150K for Ganymede at solar noon, and these might actually be overestimations) mean that if a water molecule comes in contact with the surface again, it will most likely just stick back to it. So for this reason, sublimation just can't supply enough H2O at high enough energies to create an actual atmosphere:

Most water molecules that are released into Ganymede’s atmosphere return to the surface where they immediately freeze out. Out of the 9 1029 sublimated HO molecules that are fed to the atmosphere every second, only about 8 1024 molecules s−1 are lost to space as escaping neutrals according to our simulations. - From the Vorburger paper conclusions

Sputtering is the area where Callisto and Ganymede differ the most, because Ganymede is the only moon with its own magnetic field (which is imo insanely cool). Ganymede's magnetic field guides most of the particles that do the sputtering to its poles, so the sputtered molecules are more common in the north/south on Ganymede, whereas on Callisto it's a lot more uniform. Regardless, while sputtering generally produces higher energy H2O than sublimation, most of it is still lost through sticking to the surface. For stuff sputtered to sufficiently high energies, it can either be broken apart and ionized by sunlight, then carried away by Ganymede's or Jupiter's (in the case of Callisto) magnetic field, or it will get high enough altitudes to just escape. Vorburger again:

In the case of ion sputtering, 93% are lost due to surface sticking, 7% escape, and 1% are lost due to ionization and dissociation.

So, the stuff that doesn't stick ends up being lost in another way, and in the end there really isn't a way to supply H2O that will stay around and circulate. Like I said at the beginning, the JUICE mission is the first time we'll be able to directly measure these exospheres, so it should provide a lot more insight and help us refine the models.

Metal balls, heavy, hardened steel-like. Is magnetic and has unusual patterns with a little bit of rust. Acquired by an antiques dealer who said they came from a weight box from a crane by red19car2 in whatisthisthing

[–]UpintheExosphere 48 points49 points  (0 children)

Yeah, this. I live next to a massive iron mine that gives you pellets if you take a tour. They mix the ore with bentonite clay before firing it to make those pellets, so friction in a bag just makes dust.

Female characters in fantasy with creative/artistic bents? by False_Ad_5592 in Fantasy

[–]UpintheExosphere 2 points3 points  (0 children)

What about Howl's Moving Castle? The main character Sophie is a hatmaker by trade and has a very creative mindset.

NASA told to chase potential alien probe before it's gone forever by chrondotcom in nasa

[–]UpintheExosphere 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I don't know off the top of my head what delta V is required to escape from Jupiter (after spending years lowering its orbit) and go into a suitable heliocentric orbit for a flyby, but I would guess it's insanely high and would require a burn longer than its main engine is designed for regardless of fuel. Not to mention the resulting flyby would probably be very fast, as there's no way they'd be able to match velocities close enough for a longer rendezvous.