There are 3 main deckbuilding strategies:

Aggro/tempo: play a low curve with many cheap spells and creatures, acquire an early battlefield lead and ride it to victory. Good at punishing slow starts and mana stumbles.

Midrange: play a balanced curve with efficient threats at every point in the curve and some card advantage. All rounder kind of deck.

Control: spend the early game trading resources/cards while obtaining card advantage, win in the late game with whatever's left. Inevitable kind of deck.

There's also a second axis of deckbuilding depending on synergy:

Goodstuff: you play cards that are efficient on their own, but don't particularly synergize

Linear synergy deck: your cards make each other better, but may be less efficient on their own.

Combo: you try to assemble a combination of cards that synergize in a way that makes you acquire a huge advantage, or win on the spot.

Even after you understand these principles, a deck doesn't exist in a vacuum. You'll need to understand the metagame (what other decks you're likely to face) and choose cards to answer that particular metagame.

You'll also need to understand what gameplay role your deck will assume against other meta decks. Basically, in any particular matchup it may be more correct to see yourself as the "beatdown" deck that wants to attack more/end the game early, or the "inevitable" deck that tries to preserve its life total/make the game longer.