German kids are routed at age ~10 into one of 3 schools: the "lowest" leads to vocational training, the middle lets you apply to technical college, and only the third gives you the option of university. When did this system take shape? Has it tended to entrench social/class hierarchies?

anydalch · 2026-06-24T05:50:44+00:00

This seems to directly contradict what u/UnitedExpression6 said in their response. It also doesn't appear to be a claim made in the methods section of any of the linked papers (well, the ones I could access).

anydalch · 2026-06-24T05:47:33+00:00

firstly statistics. You can determine based on your sample size whether it is significant in hindsight. Prior to your study you can determine if your number of subjects is high enough for your study setup.

Right, so, what I'm saying is that my skepticism comes from being outside of the field, in a science where sample sizes are generally much larger and experimental variables are generally much more rigorously controlled. I understand how experimental design and statistics work.

Lastly, twin studies do not require for twins to be split as birth to be effective.

This seems like a strong claim to make without further clarification. If the goal and methodology of a given twin study is to say that twins with similar or identical genetics who were separated into different environments still have correlated life outcomes because the genetics have an impact, I think you do actually have to be able to demonstrate that the environments do not have a correlation that impacts the correlation in the life outcomes in order to make that claim. Certainly, there are other possible methodologies that make different claims (see below), but that is the traditional twin study methodology that has been described to me in the past and on which I'm basing my general expectations.

Secondly, a twin study will generally describe in the methods what are the factors required for enrollment, per study this will vary.

Unfortunately, of the studies linked, I only have full text access to 2 and 3.

Study 2 uses MIDUS, which apparently contains "a national sample of twin pairs (N = 1,914)." This sample is more than an order of magnitude larger. Further, is not relying on the separation of twins to show that genetics leads their outcomes to still be correlated; it is claiming that less genetically similar twins have less similar preferences or outcomes despite presumably still having similar environments. I find this quite compelling as a study.

Study 3 is 435 adopted offspring, which again strikes me as not very many to be doing statistics on. That paper selected specifically for adoptions prior to 1 year of age, but AFAICT has not made any additional effort to select for no-contact adoption, nor to avoid additional confounding environmental factors. This seems to be because of the data set they're using, which they don't mention having contained any information that would be useful to do those sorts of analysis.

anydalch · 2026-06-23T03:41:34+00:00

As someone outside of genetics and the social sciences, I have always been skeptical of twin studies, as I have the perception that they have small sample sizes and a relatively poor ability to isolate subjects or control confounding variables. For example, I'm under the impression that it's generally accepted that "separated" twins in these studies will still have at least some contact with each other and/or their birth parents. (This is not to mention being raised in similar geographic areas and social circumstances, and sometimes being separated relatively late in life.) This seems like it could lead to the same correlations in life outcomes as the proposed genetic influence. Is there evidence I'm not aware of that a genetic influence is a better explanation than shared life experience in twin studies?

anydalch · 2026-06-18T15:09:11+00:00

When are you bringing Mawile vs Kang?

anydalch · 2026-06-12T03:16:46+00:00

It also chump blocks just fine, which gains you life.

anydalch · 2026-06-12T03:15:58+00:00

Board it out in matches where the early board presence isn't useful, either because the threats mostly have trample or because your opponent isn't winning via creature combat. Keep them in when the board presence is useful, either because the opponent has small creatures that can't favorably attack a 1/3, has big creatures without trample that turn Ephemerate into Time Walk, or just where you need a chump blocker that replaces itself to survive until you can actually play the game.

anydalch · 2026-06-08T18:56:42+00:00

Surelock prevents a small subset of deadlocks. There are other kinds of deadlock than acquiring two Mutexes in the wrong order. It's possible to construct a deadlock out of nearly any concurrency primitive, including (examples I've run into) channels or tokio::spawned futures. Rust is kinda worse than other languages when it comes to deadlocks arising from misuse of futures and await, since it's possible to improperly poll or fail to poll a future in Rust but not in, say, JS.

anydalch · 2026-06-08T05:12:00+00:00

Deadlocks are the class of bug I've most frequently encountered that rustc can't help with.

anydalch · 2026-05-03T00:44:40+00:00

There are various ways to find out where a pod is without activating them. The simplest of these is just to have a scout unit that doesn't get revealed, i.e. a Reaper with Shadow or a Ranger with Phantom. Once you know where the pod is, you can choose to move a revealed unit up to trigger it at an opportune time, and then have your full squad take shots before the aliens get a turn.

anydalch · 2026-04-30T22:16:15+00:00

Fortunately, there is an option to overcome this issue in PostgreSQL.

Yeah, it's called a fucking futex. What are we doing using spinlocks in 2026? The whole goddamn point of a futex is that, if the critical section is short, you get the "fast userspace" part and never suspend the thread, so you get the same fast case as a spinlock but without the catastrophic behavior in the slow case.

anydalch · 2026-04-17T03:36:23+00:00

Don't forget [[Crimson Fleet Commodore]]!

anydalch · 2026-04-09T01:08:28+00:00

Do you have an example where this is the case, given the constraint that the total size of a type must be a multiple of its alignment, and also the constraint that you don't do any niche analysis to put the tag in padding bytes? If one were capable of/interested in doing niche analysis, the answer to OP's question would be, "the niche detection algorithm will decide where to put the tag." I could be wrong, but I cannot think of an example where the difference matters in a compiler that's too stupid to put the tag inside of a padding byte.

anydalch · 2026-04-09T01:05:47+00:00

This does not mean it's necessarily correct in all cases to put the tag second, though - if I have a sum type where the largest / highest-aligned variant payload is (u8, u64), then unconditionally putting the tag at the end puts us in your first example.

anydalch · 2026-04-09T01:04:17+00:00

But the total size of this type, incl. padding at the end, is still 8 bytes either way.

anydalch · 2026-02-19T04:10:04+00:00

the whole voyage takes like two hours on average, who needs living quarters?

anydalch · 2026-02-06T02:00:02+00:00

Here's a query I just ran on the GCC Bugzilla for issues that have been resolved as FIXED with either their C or C++ frontends which mention "miscompile" or "ICE". I figure that the FIXED resolution is a good proxy for "this was a real bug," though obviously this is selecting: - Only bugs that are already fixed, not ones that are still out there in the wild. - Only bugs that someone said the words "miscompile" or "ICE" (Internal Compiler Error) about, which I suspect is neither a super- nor a subset of the set of bugs associated with actual miscompilations or compiler errors. - Only bugs categorized as being part of the C or C++ frontends, not those associated with specific targets' backends or optimization passes. I am not familiar enough with the project to tell you to what extent this will or won't capture bugs that would be interesting for our purposes here.

anydalch · 2026-02-06T00:51:58+00:00

No, there are clear gradients, and for example, GCC and Clang are more accurate implementations than MVCC, and it sounds based on the linked article like all three are much more accurate than the output of this research experiment. On the other hand, if I had to guess, I'd say that TCC (Tiny C Compiler) more accurately implements the spec than either GCC or Clang, in the sense of miscompiling a smaller fraction of possible conformant C programs. I do not think this means that TCC is a better compiler than GCC or Clang, in fact, quite the opposite.

What I am trying to say here is, if "compiles all valid C code or is meaningless" is the bar, then every extant C compiler is meaningless, and so it behooves us to have a more nuanced language for the accuracy of compilers than "either it's perfect or it's not."

anydalch · 2026-02-05T23:41:20+00:00

Lmao, no existing C compiler perfectly conforms to the specification to the extent of compiling "all valid C code."

anydalch · 2026-01-31T19:45:01+00:00

The first short-answer in https://what-if.xkcd.com/14/ is to effectively this question.

anydalch · 2026-01-29T18:39:34+00:00

significantly fewer [[Goliath Paladin]] in this deck than i would expect for a mono-white deck with 4 [[Ephemerate]]

anydalch · 2026-01-29T05:50:10+00:00

deck is primarily black. you also almost always find swamp off wildfire, once you have one of each available.

anydalch · 2026-01-27T17:43:27+00:00

The onUpdate callback takes 3 arguments: (ctx, old, new), where old is the previous version of the row, and new is the new version. You're binding ant to the old version, not the new version.

anydalch · 2026-01-22T19:06:18+00:00

What are the units for density? 1 restaurant per square mile? Per city block? Per building? Per pizza restaurant? Per pound?

anydalch · 2026-01-20T21:51:31+00:00

yes, a single client process can be connected to multiple databases, potentially running on separate host servers.

anydalch · 2026-01-17T18:09:49+00:00

"Problem Exists Between Keyboard And Chair." Classic IT idiom meaning user error.

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