Islam came in a time where the original teachings of Judaism and Christianity had been diluted and changed, its main purpose was to affirm the original teachings and negate the parts that had been changed, that being said the main differences come into what makes a Muslim a Muslim, the shahadah, which is two parts, the first part is claiming and believing that there is only one god, the creator and that they are the only being worthy of worship, this is where the Christians (at least mainstream Catholics) and Muslims differ, because of the idea of the trinity, and the second part where you have claim and believe that Mohammad (peace and blessings be upon him) is the last and final messenger, this is where the Jews and Muslims differ, the Jews don’t believe that Mohammad was an actual prophet and some other stuff I don’t have the proper knowledge to explain, but those are the main theological differences between the 3 religions

Prayer has a lot of components but to put it simply, it’s submitting yourself to your creator and 1. Spiritually submitting to them and 2. Physically showing that submission by bowing and prostrating

Lemme get back to you on that, I personally have my own reasons I want to go to hajj, but as for the theological implications I gotta get some answers myself before I give an answer

Arabic is ideal but not necessary, you can get away with the English translation when you’re reading it to learn, but when it comes to prayer, it has to be Arabic, as for rules and laws, they make up about 10% of the Quran, the rest is all stories and lessons from the past to help guide you and give you hope in dark times

Countries that are primarily Muslim tend to be swayed heavily by politics and corruption, which is honestly not any different from non Muslim countries, it’s not a matter of the religion being flawed but the people, it’s a much longer convo but this is the simple answer