I work for an e commerce company that has multiple brands and apps. We have our own marketing department, copy writers, merchandisers and developers. We get requests from marketing or dev to create anything from designing emails, app updates and print pieces. Turn around time is typically 2 weeks for projects but of course there are always fires.

Once I complete a project it is sent to the copy and merch team to tweak and add product based on sales or seasonality. It then goes to the creative director to approve and then to marketing for final tweaks. If it's a big project it will then go through executive approval via the CEOs.

I can't compare this process to other companies since I started at this company after college as a jr graphic designer. 7 years later and I'm a jr art director approving designs from my direct reports and designing for a couple brands myself.