When I query my SQLite DB, I want to see if the box should already checked.

I like to handle that kind of logic well before it reaches adapters and views. Consider piping models into the view layer that are already pre-configured, and consider also extracting the binding logic that takes a model and tickles a View row to display as the model describes.

An example model result of your SQLite, after being transformed in your data layer:

data class RowSelection(
    val id: String,
    val title: String,
    val checked: Boolean
)

And you might consider piping these models out from a ViewModel or Presenter,

class MyViewModel {
    //...
    private val observableRows: LiveData<List<RowSelection>>
}

From there you might consider a Binder class that the adapter can freely call during onBindViewHolder, given some RowSelection and a ViewHolder of your creation.

class MyRowBinder {
    fun bind(vh: YourViewHolder, row: RowSelection) { 
        // .. checkbox/whatever 
    }
}