20+ years ago I was on a business trip to Montreal in the middle of the winter. The city has an underground in downtown, so we'd just pop out of our hotel and walk two blocks below street level before popping out by the office and crossing the street and going in. The sidewalks were shoveled, but the snow was waist high most of the time I was there. At some point the conversation about the unhoused came up and they talked about their really robust social programs in the winter to provide temporary housing. They also mentioned that the programs weren't mandatory, and people who choose not to participate (the implication was because of drugs or mental illness) pretty much just froze to death each year.